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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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prokaryotic
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Prokaryotic cells don't have a membrane-bound nucleus and instead of having chromosomal DNA, their genetic information is in a circular loop called a plasmid.
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psychrophile
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organisms that are capable of growth and reproduction in cold temperatures.
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alkaliphile
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microbes classified as extremophiles that thrive in alkaline environments with a pH of 9 to 11
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transcription
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RNA synthesis, or transcription, is the process of transcribing DNA nucleotide sequence information into RNA sequence information
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lysogenic cycle
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The lysogenic cycle is complementary to the lytic cycle for viral entry and reproduction within cells. the lysogenic cycle is more commonly found in animal viruses.
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vector
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An agent, usually an insect or other animal, able to carry pathogens from one host to another
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disinfectant
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Disinfectants are antimicrobial agents that are applied to non-living objects to destroy microorganisms, the process of which is known as disinfection.
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thermal death time
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a concept used to determine how long it takes to kill a specific bacteria at a specific temperature
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resident microflora
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The microorganisms constant in the flora of an individual
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epidemic
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infection that is epidemic appears as new cases in a given human population, during a given period, at a rate that substantially exceeds what is "expected,"
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innate immunity
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the cells and mechanisms that defend the host from infection by other organisms, in a non-specific manner.
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structural genes
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A structural gene is a gene that codes for any RNA or protein product other than a regulatory element (i.e. regulatory protein). It makes proteins in the cell
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inducible enzymes
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enzyme that is expressed only under conditions in which it is clear of adaptive value, as opposed to a constitutive enzyme which is produced all the time
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peptidoglycan
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is a polymer consisting of sugars and amino acids that forms a mesh-like layer outside the plasma membrane of Bacteria (cell-wall).
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mesophile
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is an organism that grows best in moderate temperature, neither too hot nor too cold
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gene
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is the basic unit of heredity in a living organism. In cells, a gene is a portion of an organism's DNA which contains both "coding" sequences that determine what the gene does, and "non-coding" sequences that determine when the gene is active (expressed.
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translation
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A step in protein biosynthesis wherein the genetic code carried by mRNA is decoded to produce the specific sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. The process follows transcription in which the DNA sequence is copied (or transcribed) into an mRNA.
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viroid
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Extremely small viruses of plants.
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accidental parasite
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one that parasitizes an organism other than the usual host. "incidental parasite"
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antiseptic
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a substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them.
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contamination
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a medium that once held a pure (single or mixed) culture but now contains unwanted microorganinsms
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transient microflora
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bacteria that are passed from environmental surfaces to our hands, and so forth, and then from our hands back to other surfaces.
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pandemic
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is an epidemic of infectious disease that spreads through populations across a large region; for instance a continent, or even worldwide.
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interferon
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are natural proteins produced by the cells of the immune system of most vertebrates in response to challenges by foreign agents such as viruses, parasites and tumor cells. Interferons belong to the large class of glycoproteins known as cytokines. Interferons are produced by a wide variety of cells in response to the presence of double-stranded RNA, a key indicator of viral infection. Interferons assist the immune response by inhibiting viral replication within host cells, activating natural killer cells and macrophages, increasing antigen presentation to lymphocytes, and inducing the resistance of host cells to viral infection.
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repressible enzymes
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In bacteria, an enzyme whose creation is inhibited when its reaction product is plentiful.
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thermal death time
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is a concept used to determine how long it takes to kill a specific bacteria at a specific temperature.
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prevalence of a disease
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the number of cases of a specific disease present in a given population at a certain time.
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adaptive defenses
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confer long-lasting or protective immunity to the host. Antigen-antibody immuninty.
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active immunity
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A type of immunity or resistance developed in an organism by its own production of antibodies in response to an exposure to an antigen, a pathogen or to a vaccine.
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humoral immunity
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a form of immunity whereby b lymphocytes and plasma cells produce antibodies to foreign agents (antigens) and stimulate t lymphocytes to attack them (cellular immunity).
These antibodies also stimulate the release of chemical mediators (for example interferon, complement) which enhance antigen destruction. |
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Describe and/or identify the growth cycle of a bacterium using the terms
log phase, lag phase, stationary phase, etc. |
1. Lag Phase- lag in bacteria division because bacteria need to manufacture enzymes and other parts needed to build new bacteria cells
2. Log- rapid growth of bacteria 3.Stationary Phase- Numbers of new bacteria EQUALS number of dying bacteria. 4.Death Phase- Number of dying cells out weighs number of new. Bacteria cells have run out of resources. |
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.Death Phase
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Number of dying cells out weighs number of new. Bacteria cells have run out of resources.
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Lag Phase
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lag in bacteria division because bacteria need to manufacture enzymes and other parts needed to build new bacteria cells
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Log Phase
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Exponential Phase- rapid growth of bacteria
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Stationary Phase-
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Numbers of new bacteria EQUALS number of dying bacteria.
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Substitution
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A substitution is a mutation that exchanges one base for another (i.e., a change in a single "chemical letter" such as switching an A to a G)
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Insertion
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Insertions are mutations in which extra base pairs are inserted into a new place in the DNA
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Deletion
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Deletions are mutations in which a section of DNA is lost, or deleted.
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Frameshift
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Since protein-coding DNA is divided into codons three bases long, insertions and deletions can alter a gene so that its message is no longer correctly paired.
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lipid A
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lipid component of an endotoxin held responsible for toxicity of Gram-negative bacteria.
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thermophile
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a type of extremophile — that thrives at relatively high temperatures, between 45 and 80 °C
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plasmid
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is an extra-chromosomal DNA molecule separate from the chromosomal DNA which is capable of replicating independently of the chromosomal DNA
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virion
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A complete viral particle, consisting of RNA or DNA surrounded by a protein shell and constituting the infective form of a virus.
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prion
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A disease-causing agent that is neither bacterial nor fungal nor viral and contains no genetic material.
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etiology
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In medicine in particular, the term refers to the causes of diseases or pathologies.
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ectoparasite
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A parasite that lives on or in the skin but not within the body. Fleas and lice are ectoparasites
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bactericidal
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A bactericide or bacteriocide is a substance that kills bacteria and, preferably, nothing else. Bactericides are either disinfectants, antiseptics or antibiotics.
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infection
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the pathological state resulting from the invasion of the body by pathogenic microorganisms
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sporadic
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a disease which occurs in single and scattered cases.
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operon
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a group of closely linked genes that produces a single messenger RNA molecule in transcription and that consists of structural genes and regulating elements (as an operator and promoter)
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Eukaryotic
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a cell that differs from a prokaryotic cell chiefly by having a nclear membrane with a nucleus, membrane bound subcellular organelles, and mitotic cell division
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Periplasmic space
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the region between the cell wall and cell membrane of the cell enveloes of gram negative bacteria
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Acidophile
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a microorganism capable of living at extremly low pH environment, or acidic conditions
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Reverse transcription
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the process of making a double stranded DNA molecule from a single stranded RNA template. It is called reverse transcription because it works in the opposite direction of transcription
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Lytic cycle
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one of two cycles of viral reproduction, wher the reproduction destroys the bost cell and is considered the main method of viral reproduction; the other cycle is lysogenic
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Parasite
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an organism that lives on or within another organism(the host)from which it obtains nutrients and enjoys protection. The parasite produces some degree of harm in the host
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Hyperparasite
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when a primary parasite serves as a host for another parasite
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Bacteriostatic
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any process or agent that inhibits bacterial growth
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Disease
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any deviation from health, as when the effects of microbial infection damages or disrupt tissues and organs
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Endemic
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a mative disease that prevails continuously in a geographic region
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Eukaryotic
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a cell that differs from a prokaryotic cell chiefly by having a nclear membrane with a nucleus, membrane bound subcellular organelles, and mitotic cell division
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Periplasmic space
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the region between the cell wall and cell membrane of the cell enveloes of gram negative bacteria
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Acidophile
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a microorganism capable of living at extremly low pH environment, or acidic conditions
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Reverse transcription
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the process of making a double stranded DNA molecule from a single stranded RNA template. It is called reverse transcription because it works in the opposite direction of transcription
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Lytic cycle
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one of two cycles of viral reproduction, wher the reproduction destroys the bost cell and is considered the main method of viral reproduction; the other cycle is lysogenic
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Parasite
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an organism that lives on or within another organism(the host)from which it obtains nutrients and enjoys protection. The parasite produces some degree of harm in the host
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Hyperparasite
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when a primary parasite serves as a host for another parasite
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Bacteriostatic
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any process or agent that inhibits bacterial growth
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Disease
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any deviation from health, as when the effects of microbial infection damages or disrupt tissues and organs
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Endemic
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a mative disease that prevails continuously in a geographic region
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Phagocyte
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a class of white blood cells capable of engulfing other cells aned particles
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Generation time
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time repuired for a complete fission cycle from parent cell to two new daughter cells, also known as doubling time
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Incidence of a disease
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the number of new cases, of a disease over a certain time period.
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Common Source Outbreak
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an outbreak of a disease in a group of people being exposed to a common pathogen or source or a mass infection from a single contaminated source
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Innate defenses
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associated with nonspecific defenses which consist of physical and chemical barriers which prevent microbes from entering and establishing a host.
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Cell mediated immunity
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the type of immune responses brought about by T-cells, such as cytotoxic and helper effects.
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Passive immunity
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specific resistance that is acquired indirectly by donation of preformed immune substances(antibodies) produce in the body of another individual
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