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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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a comparison between populations of organisms in one area to another
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biogeography
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the time it takes one half of the mass of a radioactive element to decay
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half-life
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structures that have the same origin
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homologous structures
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structures that have the same function
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analogous function
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in the development of organisms there is a record of how that organism evolved according to Ernst Haekel
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ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny
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carbon 14
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half life - 5600 yrs
limit - 50000 yrs |
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potassium 40
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half life - 1.3 billion
limit - mega years |
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fish with lobes as fins
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coelocanth
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birds part dinosaur
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archeoptryx
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4 theory of Darwin and Wallace
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variation exists in all population
overpopulation of offspring survival of the fittest differential reproduction and survival produces new species |
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mutation that can be mapped to a single locus
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point mutation
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selective elimination of phenotypes at both extremes
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stabilizing selection
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selective force that changes the frequency of alleles in a given direction
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directional selection
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selection towards both extremes against the average
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disruptive selection
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genetic drift from the reduction of alleles in a popultaion usually caused by a natural disaster
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bottleneck effect
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small, semi-isolated population that when it continues to grow diversifies from the population that it originally stemmed from
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founder effect
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reproductive isolation that occurs before a zygote is formed which keeps offspring from surviving or reproducing
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postzygotic isolation
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speciation driven by a geographic barrier
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allopatric speciation
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speciation driven be a reproductive barrier - prezygotic isolating mechanisms`
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sympatric speciation
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factors that reduce the possibility of interbreeding between geographically isolated populations that somehow come into contact
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isolating mechanism
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cell division in eukarytic cells consisting of various stages PMAT. used to produce 2 identical daughter cells
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mitosis
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region of chromosome that attaches to spindle fibers
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centromere
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an arbitrary number assigned to a molecule of DNA for keeping track of DNA quantitatively
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units of DNA
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stage during mitosis and meiosis in which the chromosomes line up along the center of the cell
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metaphase
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reduction division
cell division in sex cells consisting of 8 phases. used to produce 4 gametes each containing half the chromosomes number of parent cell |
meiosis
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exact copies of the same chromosome, complexed together at the centromere, separating during mitosis and meiosis
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sister chromatids
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haploid cell derived from meiosis in the ovaries containing very little cytoplasm compared to a mature ovum
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polar bodies
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stage during mitosis and meiosis 2 in which the sister chromatids are pulled apart. In meiosis 1, the tetrad pairs are separated.
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anaphase
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organism or cell consisting of one set of chromosomes. found in sex cells, sperm and egg.
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haploid
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process occurring in the female ovaries in which female gametes are produced.
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oogenesis
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female gametes produced by oogenesis; haploid
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egg(ovum)
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stage of mitosis and meiosis in which daughter chromosomes each opposite poles and nuclei are formed. cytokinesis begins here.
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telophase
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an organism or cell containing 2 set of chromosomes, each set inherited from each parent
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diploid
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a process occurring in the male testis in which male gametes are produced
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spermatogenesis
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the male gamete produced by spermatogenesis: haploid, small and flagellated
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spermatozoa
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an association of genes consisting of DNA and proteins. used to transport the genetic infomation.
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chromosome
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sequence of events in the life of a dividing cell consisting of interphase (G1, S, G2) and mitosis
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cell cycle
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stage of mitosis and meiosis immediately following interphase during which the chromosomes condensed.
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prophase
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4 chromatids which make up a paired homologous chromosomes in prophase 1 of meiosis 1
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tetrad
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chromosome pairs of the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern which posses genes for the same traits at corresponding loci. one is inheritied from the mother and one form the father.
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homologous chromosomes
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earlobes
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free - dominant
attached - recessive |
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albinism
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autosomal recessive
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tongue rolling
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can - dominant
can't - recessive |
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cystic fibrosis
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autosomal recessive
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taysachs diseases
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autosomal recessive
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sickle cell anemia
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codominant
homozygous you have it, hetero you have the trait |
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hypercholesterolemia
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codominant
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achondroplasia
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autosomal dominant
RR - dead Rr - dwarf rr - normal |
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huntingtons disease
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autosomal dominant
late acting |
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alzheimers disease
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autosomal dominant
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any detectable phenotype of a particular inherited character
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trait
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trait of a certain species seen in each generation varying only by mutation
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true-breeding
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a specific region on a chromosome coding for a specific gene
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locus
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haploid cell (usually egg or sperm) that unites with another haploid cell during fertilization to form a zygote
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gamete
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a breeding experiment in which a single traits is followed
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monohybrid
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breeding experiment in which 2 traits are studied
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dihybrid
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any detectable phenotype of a particular inherited character
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trait
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the parental generation of a breeding experiment producing the original gametes
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P generation
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1st generation offspring of a breeding experiment
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F1 generation
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trait of a certain species seen in each generation varying only by mutation
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true-breeding
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2nd generation offspring of a breeding experiment
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F2 generation
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alternative form of a gene
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allele
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form of a gene which is always expressed in a heterozygote
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dominant allele
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form of a gene which is masked in a heterozygote
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recessive allele
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Mendels first law explaining the separation of alleles when gametes are synthesized and then randomly paired again at fertilization; monohybrid cross
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law of segregation
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gene has 2 of the same alleles for a given trait
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homozygous
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gene with 2 different alleles for a given trait
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heterzygous
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physical expression of an organisms genetic makeup
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phenotype
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genetic description of an organism
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genotype
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in order to discover the unknown genotype of an organism, it is bred with a homozygous recessive individual so that the alleles will be expressed in the F1 generation
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testcross
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derived from a dihybrid cross. each allele pair segregate independently during gamete formation
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law of independent assortment
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XO
meiosis in egg or sperm formation sex organs do not mature, sterile, and short of stature |
turner syndrome
female |
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xxx
meiosis in egg formation limited fertility |
metafemale
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3 chromosomes at 21
aneuploidy severe mental retardation |
trisomy 21
down syndrome |
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XXY
meiosis in egg or sperm testes abnormally small, sterile, and feminine body characteristics |
klinefelter syndrome
male |
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XYY
meiosis in sperm normal male |
phenotypically normal male
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discovered and created modes of inheritance, law of segregation and law of independent assortment, while studying garden pea plant
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Gregor Mendel
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american genecist and zoologist who discovered sex linkage traits during study of fruitflies
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Thomas Hunt Morgan
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study indian corn led to discover mobile genetic elements known as "jumping genes" or transposable elements. 1st proof genes can change locations on a chromosome
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Barbara McClintock
1st woman to receive unshared Nobel Prize |
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pattern of inheritance resulting from genes located on the X chromosomes
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sex linkage
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common usually dominant trait in a natural population
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wild type
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a phenotype which varies from the parentals due to mutation or crossing over
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mutant phenotype
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pea plane studies by Gregor Mendel to determine the mode of inheritance
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pisum sativum
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when an organisms XY chromosome arrangement is male and XX chromosome arrangement is female
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homogametic
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when an organisms XY chromosome arrangement is female and XX chromosome is male
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heterogametic
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when homologous chromosome or sister chromatids fail to separate in mitosis or meiosis
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non-disjunction
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development of an egg without fertilization
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parthenogenesis
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the fruitfly used in breeding experiments to determine modes of inheritance
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drosophila melanogaster
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cell with a single set of chromosomes
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haploid
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cell with 2 sets of chromosomes each from a different parent
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diploid
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when cells have one extra or one less chromosome. autosomal aneuploidy is usually fatal to humans and is linked to most miscarriages
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aneuploidy
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genetic exchange between 2 homologous chromosomes
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crossing over
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British scientists who retrieved date which did not correspond to classic Mendelian ratios; led to the discovery of linkage and crossing over
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Bateson and Punnett
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scientist who used Drosophila to discover the phenomenon of sex linkage and crossing over
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TH Morgan
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species of fruitly used in genetic crosses; aided in the discovery of sex linkage, crossing over and many other genetic phenomena
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Drosophila melanogaster
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one of Mendels laws where pairs of alleles assort independently of other sets of alleles. Demonstrated by Mendels peas using dihybrid crosses
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independent assortment
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genes found on the same chromosomes
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linked genes
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offspring with phenotypes differing from the parents; a result of crossing over
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recombinants
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spacial representation of locations of genes on a chromosome derived from probability of crossing over
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gene maps
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1% crosing over - one map unit (centiMorgan). not an actual measurement of distance
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map units
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