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119 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Arteries |
The blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart. |
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How is it shaped? |
They have thick walls composed of distinct layers. The outer and inner layers are primarily connective tissue, while in the middle layers are made up of muscle fibres and elastic collective tissue. |
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What happens every time the heart contracts? |
Blood surges from the heart and enters the arteries. The arteries stretch to accommodate the inrush of blood. |
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Pulse |
Changes in the diameter of the arteries following heart contractions. |
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Pulse; what is followed by heart contractions? |
A relaxation phase where pressure drops and elastic fibers in the walls of the artery recoil. |
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Automatic nervous system |
Controls the motor nerves that maintain equilibrium. Regulates the diameter of the blood vessel.
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vasoconstriction |
a nerve impulse causes smooth muscle in the arterioles to contract, reducing the diameter of the blood vessel. decreases blood flow to tissues |
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vasodilation |
relaxation of the smooth muscle causes dilation of the arterioles, and blood flow increases. increases the delivery of blood to tissues which permits the cells in the localized area to preform energy-consuming tasks. |
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precapillary sphincter muscles |
regulate the movement of blood from the arterioles into capillaries. |
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Blushing is caused by... |
Vasodilation of the arterioles leading to skin capillaries. Red blood cells close to the surface of the skin produce the pink color. Vasodilation helps the body release some excess heat that is produced when you become nervous. |
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What happens when someone is frightened? |
the constriction of the arteriolar muscles diverts blood away from the outer capillaries of the skin towards towards the muscles. The increased blood flow to the muscles provides more oxygen and glucose to meet the energy demands of a response to a threat or danger. |
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when do arterioles leading to capillaries open? |
only when cells in that area require blood. |
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atherosclerosis |
excess lipid in your blood is deposited in the walls of the arteries, slowly narrowing the inside diameter of the blood vessel. Calcium and other minerals deposit on top of the lipid, forming plaque. |
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atherosclerosis is the ___ common form of a group of ____ called ____, meaning ____. |
most diseases arteriosclerosis arterial disease |
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Arteriosclerosis? |
can narrow arteries and lead to high blood pressure. To make matters worse, blod clots, which are normally a life-saving property of blood, form in the blood vessel when the plaque gets so big that it bursts through the wall of the artery. This can totally block the artery and cut off blood flow. In the heart, as the arteries become narrowed and blocked, inadequate amounts of blood and oxygen are delivered to the heart muscle, resulting in chest pains and possibly a heart attack. |
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Aneurysm: most common sites? due to? explain it |
-The most common sites are the aorta of the heart, the abdominal aorta, and arteries in the brain. -due to atherosclerosis -a bulge that forms in the wall of a weakened blood vessel, usually an artery. the weakened segment of the artery protrudes as blood pulses through. The thinner wall offers less support and eventually ruptures. Less oxygen and nutrients are delivered to the tissues, resulting in cell death. |
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cause of stroke? |
aneurysm in brain |
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Capillaries: composed of? sites of? how must red blood cells travel? advantages? disadvantages?
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a single layer of cells fluid and gas exchange between blood and body cells in single file. advantage: ideal for diffusion. disadvantage: capillary beds rupture easily. |
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bruising occurs when: |
blood rushes into the spaces between tissues. |
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oxygenated? deoxygenated? |
oxygen-rich. red. oxygen-poor. purple-blue.
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venules? |
capillaries that have merged and became progressively larger vessels |
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veins explain diameter why is the process of returning blood to the heart difficult? if so, how does the blood get back to the heart? |
venules that have merged together. greater in diameter than venules. their diameter increases as they get closer to the heart. As blood flows from the arteries to arterioles, blood flow is greatly reduced. |
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GO BACK AND FINISH VEINS AND VENULES |
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Blood is carried away from the heart by ___ |
arteries |
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largest artery in your body? |
aorta |
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aorta carries oxygenated or deoxygenated blood? |
oxygenated |
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is aorta an artery or a vein? |
artery |
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coronary arteries? |
arteries that form an important branch of the aorta supply the muscle cells of the heart with oxygen and nutrients. |
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septum? |
a wall of muscle that seperates the right and left sides of the heart. |
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pump on the right side of the heart receives _____ blood from the _____ and pumps it to _____ |
deoxygenated body tissues the lungs |
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the pump on the left side receives _______ blood from the _____ and pumps it to the _____. |
oxygenated lungs cell of the body |
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pulmonary circulatory system |
the system of blood vessels that carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood back to the heart. |
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systemic circulatory system |
the system of blood vessels that carries oxygenated blood to the tissues of the body and deoxygenated blood back to the heart |
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atrium: explain how many? where? |
a thin walled chamber of the heart that receives blood from veins 2 heart |
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ventricles: explain how many? where? |
a muscular, thick-walled chamber of the heart that delievers blood to the arteries 2 heart |
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difference between atrium and ventricle |
Atrium receives blood from veins Ventricles deliver blood to the arteries Atrium is thin Ventricles are muscular and thick |
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veins do what? |
carry blood to the heart |
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superior vena cava? |
carries de0xygenated blood from the head and upper body to the right atrium. |
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inferior vena cava? |
carries deoxygenated blood from all veins below the diaphragm to the right atrium |
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what type of blood enters the left atrium? How? |
oxygenated blood. from lungs to left atrium through pulmonary veins. |
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atrioventricular valves |
a heart valve that prevents the backflow of blood from a ventricle into an atrium. |
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semilunar valves |
a valve that prevents the backflow of blood from an artery into a ventricle |
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How to detect coronary artery blockage? |
old way is rely on external sypmptoms. now we do surgery, which has dangers. Blood samples can also be used. Cardiac catherization is the most common type of surgery. |
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myogenic muscle |
muscle that contracts without external nerve stimulation. will continue to beat, at least for a short time, when removed from the body. |
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sinoatrial (SA) node |
a small mass of tissue in the right atrium that originates the impulses stimulating the heartbeat. |
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atrioventicular (AV) node |
a small mass of tissue in the right atrioventricular region through which impulses from the sinoatrial node are passed to the ventricles. |
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The AV node acts as a ______ |
conductor |
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Purkinje fibre: explain? where? |
a nerve fibre that branches and carries electrical signals through the ventricles. runs along the septum which seperates the right and left ventricles. |
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sympathetic nervous system |
a division of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for stress |
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parasympathetic nervous system |
a division of the autonomic nervous system that returns the body to normal resting levels following adjustments to stress. |
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diastole |
relaxation of the heart, during which the atria fill with blood. |
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systole |
contraction of the heart, during which blood is pushed out of the heart. |
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heart murmur? |
blood leaks past the closed heart valve because of an improper seal. |
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Diastole is a ____ _____ Systole is a _____ ____ |
heart relaxation heart contraction |
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Flow of blood explanation |
-Blood enters the heart through the atria -Ventricles pump the blood to the body tissues -AV valves prevent the flow of blood from the ventricles back into the atria -Semilunar valves prevent the flow of blood from arteries back into the ventricles. -Coronary arteries supply the heart with oxygen and nutrients. |
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10.3 |
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cardiac output: explain factors that affect it |
the amount of blood that flows from the heart per minute. right and left sides equal. stroke volume and heart rate |
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Stroke volume: explain what decides how strong the stroke volume is? |
the quantity of blood pumped with each beat of the heart. The strength of the contraction. |
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Heart rate |
# of times your heart beats per minute |
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cardiac output formula |
bcardiac output= stroke volume X heart rate |
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blood pressure measured in _______ |
sphygmomanometer |
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blood pressure is |
the force of the blood on the walls of the arteries. |
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thermoregulation |
maintenance of body temp within a range that enables cells to function efficiently |
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hypothalamus |
reguin if a vertebrate's brain responsible for coordinating many nerve and hormone functions. |
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cardiac output |
the amount of blood the heart can pump each minute |
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blood pressure is measured in: |
systolic and diastolic blood pressure mmHg |
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blood pressure is higher in _______ |
vessels closer to the heart |
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increased cardiac output _____ blood pressure. |
increases |
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extracellular fluid |
fluid that occupies the spaces between cells and tissues; including plasma and interstital fluid |
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filtration |
the selective movement of materials through capillary walls by a pressure gradient. |
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ch 11 |
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erythrocytes |
or red blood cells have hemoglobin which helps carry oxygen |
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anemia |
the reduction in blood oxygen due to low levels of hemoglobin or poor red blood cell production. |
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leukocyte: do they have a nucleus?
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a white blood cell yes |
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platelets: also called? nucleus? produced from? produced how? role? |
-thrombocytes -no nucleus -large nucleated cells in the bone marrow. -small fragments of cytoplasm break from the bone marrow to form platelets. -blood clotting |
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thrombus |
a blood clot that blocks a blood vessel. |
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embolus |
a blood clot that dislodges and is carried by the circulatory system to another part of the body. |
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universal donor )blood group) |
Blood type O |
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why is ___ a universal donor? |
o because it contains no antigen and can be donated to individuals of all types. |
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universal recipient? |
AB |
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agglutination |
the clumping of blood cells caused by antigens and antibodies. |
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what may blood type ab donate to? |
blood type ab only |
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Blood is mostly composed of |
plasma and blood cells |
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roles of plasma |
maintaining homeostaisis, producing antibodies, blood clotting. |
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Blood type A has ______ antigen Blood type B has ______ antigen Blood type AB has ______ antigen Blood type O has ______ antigen |
A B both neither |
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first line of defence? |
skin |
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phagocytosis |
the process by which a white blood cell engulfs and chemically destroys a mictobe |
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macrophage |
a phagocytic white blood cells found in lymph nodes, bone marrow, and the spleen and liver. |
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pus |
a thick liquid composed of protein fragments from digested leukocytes and microbes. |
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unflammatory response |
a nonspecific immune response resulting in swelling, redness, heat, and pain. |
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complement protein |
a plasma protein that helps defend against invading microbes by tagging the microbe for pagocytosis, puncturing cell membranes, or triggering the formation of a mucois coating |
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T cell |
manufactured in the bone marrow and stored in the thymus gland. Identifies and attacks foreign substances/ |
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B cell |
made and stored in bone marrow, produces antibodies. |
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receptor site |
a port along a cell membrane into whih hormones, nutrients, and other needed materials fit. |
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lymphokine |
a protein produced by T cell that acts as a chemical messenger between other T cells and B cells |
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pluripotent cell |
a cell that is capable of developing into a number of specialized cellm such as a neuron or muscle cell. |
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Abnormal functioning of the immune system can cause two types of problems: |
allergic reactions and autoimmune diseases |
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Allergies occur when the |
immune system mistakes harmless antigens for harmful invaders |
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autoimmune diseases occur when |
lymphocytes treat the body's cells as foreign. |
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ch 12 |
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deamination |
removal of an amino group from an organic compound |
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uric acid |
a waste product formed from the breakdown of nucleic acids. |
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ureter |
a tube that conducts urine from kidney to the bladder |
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urethra |
the tube that carries urine from the badder to the exterior of the body. |
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cortex |
outer layr of the body |
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medulla |
the area inside of the cortex |
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renal pelvis |
the hollow chamber where the kidney joins the ureter. |
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nephron |
a functional unit of the kidney |
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afferent arteriole |
a small branch of the renal artery that carries blood to the glomerulus. |
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glomerulusth |
e high-pressure capillary bed that is the site of filtration |
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effernt arteriole |
a small branch of the renal artery that carries blood away from the glomerulus to the peritubular capillaries. |
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peritubular capullary |
a member of the network of small blood vessels that surround the tubule of the nephron |
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proximal tubule |
the section of the nephron joining the bowman's capsule with the loop of henle |
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loop of henle |
the section of the tubule that carries filtrate from the PCT to the DCT |
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DCT |
conducts urine from the loop of Henle to the collecting duct |
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collecting duct |
a tube that carries uine from nephrons to the renal artery. |
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thershold level |
the maximum amiunt of a substane that can be moved across the nephron |
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glomerulus acts as a ______ |
high pressure filter |
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urine formation functions |
filtration, reabsorption, and secretion |
