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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How often are our bodies creating waste? |
Constantly |
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Our bodies release CO2 as a waste from __________ |
cell resp |
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The ____ breaks down wastes from alcohol and other poisons, as well as waste from protein breakdown. Then, what happens? |
liver The wastes then go to the kidneys to be eliminated from the blood. |
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Kidney roles |
Remove protein waste Balance blood pH Maintain the body's water balance. |
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1% drop in fluid will cause _______ 5% drop in fluid will cause _______ 10% drop in fluid will cause _______ |
thirst pain death |
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Why must the body get rid of nitrogen when converting protein into carbohydrate?
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Because the protein contains nitrogen and carbohydrates don't. |
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Deamination define what is the byproduct? why is that a problem? what is the solution? why? |
Breakdown of protein by the liver ammonia ammonia is very toxic to our bodies. the solution is to very quickly react the ammonia with carbon dioxide to make urea. Urea is 100,000 times less toxic than ammonia |
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When nucleic acids are broken down, what is a waste product? Example of nucleic acid. |
uric acid is the waste product DNA |
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If uric acid was to build up in your body, what would happen? |
it would cause a disorder called gout which causes painful swellings. |
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Renal arteries branch off the _____ to carry ____ to the _____. |
aorta blood kidneys |
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the kidneys can hold as much as _____ OF THE BODY'S BLOOD |
25% |
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_____ leave the kidneys to return to the heart |
renal veins |
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once wastes are filtered in the _____, they enter the _____. |
kidneys ureter |
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the wastes are stored in the _____ |
bladder |
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where is the urinary sphincter muscle located? what's its role? |
at the bottom of the bladder allows for control |
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at what point does your brain get the message that you need to go? |
at 200 ml |
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at what point is the msg urgent? |
at 400 ml |
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at what point is voluntary control lost? |
at 600 ml |
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3 layers to the kidney? explain each |
an outer layer called the cortex an inner layer called the medulla an empty chamber called the renal pelvis |
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_____ are the functional unit of the kidney. |
nephrons |
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what leads to the nephrons then? then? when does it become a vein |
afferent arterioles they branch into a capillary bed called the glomerulus the blood then leaves the capillary bed through the efferent arteriole when reabsorption is done |
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peritubular capillaries |
small capillaries that wrap around the kidney tubules |
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what is done in the nephron? what is done after this process? |
reabsorption the capillaries then join together to male venules that lead into the renal vein. |
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surrounding the glomerulus is: ____ what exits the glomerulus into the ___? |
bowman's capsule fluid (with dissolved substances) bowman's capsule |
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bowman's capsule leads to _____ the distal tubule leads into the _____ |
-downwards to become the proximal tubule which then becomes the loop of henle and then travels upwards as the distal tubule -collecting duct |
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3 steps of urine filtration? explain |
filtration (of blood fluid into Bowman's capsule) reabsorption (of essential substances back into the blood) secretion (of other excess materials from blood into filtrate) |
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Explain the first step of urine formation:_____ |
-Filtration -Normal capillary blood pressure is 25 mm Hg, but in the glomerulus, it increases to 65 mm Hg. -This extra pressure pushes fluid and dissolved substances out of the capillary and into the Bowman's capsule -Large molecules will not move through |
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Explain the second step of urine formation:_____ |
-Reabsorption -About 600mL of fluid passes through the kindney each minute -Of this, about 120 mL passes out into the glomerulus -A chemical called aldosterone causes the body to reabsorb Na+ ions and water -As Na+ ions are actively transported in, other ions like Cl- and HCO3- passively follow due to charge attraction -After a certain thereshold amount is reached, any excess sodium is passed out with the urine. -Other molecules like glucose are also actively transported out of the nephron to be reabsorbed by the blood. |
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Substance transported Direction transported Active or passive
HCO3- NaCl H+ H2O NH3 Nutrients K+ |
Out of the tubule passive
Out of the tubule active
Into the tubule Active
Out of the tubule Passive
Into the tubule Passive
Out of the tubule Active
Out of the tubule Passive |
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In the descending loop of Henle, ____ Is transported out. |
water |
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What blood vessel enters the kidney? |
Renal artery |
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what blood vessel does filtration occur in? |
Glomerulus |
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What blood vessel does secretion occur in? |
PCT |
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Where does reabsorption take place? |
PCT |
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stuff in filtrate differs from stuff in blood by _____ |
size |
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Where are the salt and water in the nephron? |
Everywhere |
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What process happens from glomerulus to Bowman's capsule? |
Filtration of filtrate |
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active transport |
movement of substances across cell membranes against a concentration gradient which uses energy. |
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process that pulls salt from pct? water from pct? |
active passive |
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common diuretics? diuretics meaning? |
alcohol, coffee, tea (anything with coffee) any substance that promotes the production of urine
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Explain the 3rd step of urine production: ________ examples of materials that this is done to |
secretion the forced movement of other wastes into the nephron ammonia, excess pottasium, and drugs. |
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ADH: secreted by: effect on ____: |
secreted by pituitary gland in the brain makes collecting duct more permable to water |
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Aldosterone: secreted by: effect on ___: water... |
secreted by adrenal cortex causes Na+ to be reabsorbed Water follows osmotically |
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Diabetes Mellitus: caused by? explain? side effect? |
-caused by lack of insulin -the body does not store the glucose so it is secreted out with the urine -people with diabetes make large amounts of urine and as a result are often thirsty |
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Diabetes Insipidis: also called? caused by? explain? result? |
-also called water diabetes -caused by too little antiduretic hormone as a result they don't reabsorb the water from -----the filtrate -the result is a large amount of dilute urine |
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kidney stones: explain |
solidification of minerals, often calcium oxalate are sharp and painful can become lodged |
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how to treat kidney stones |
broken down with high energy shockwave instead of surgically removing them like they used to and therefore are less painful to pass. |
