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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 6 elements important to biologists?
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Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfer
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What are isotopes?
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Multiple atoms (of one element) with different number of nuetrons
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Atoms that have gained or lost electrons are?
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Ions
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What is the pH of blood, typically?
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7.2-7.4
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What four organic compounds is carbon the basis of?
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lipids, proteins, carbs, nucleic acid
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What are the 5 chemicals of life?
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Vitamins and Minerals- help with chem rxns
Lipids- store energy/structural component of cells Nucleic acids- makes DNA Proteins-structural component of cells Carbs-#1 energy source |
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What is a carb?
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macromolecule that always contains CHO
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What is the most common ratio for carbs?
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1:2:1
C:H:O |
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Why do we need carbs? Where do we get carbs?
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Main source of energy. From photosynthesis (we can't produce ourselves)
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What are the three monosaccharide carbs?
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Glucose, Fructose, Galactose,
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The most important sugars contain how many sugars?
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3-7 with 6 being the most common
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When are sugars likely to be found in ring form?
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When they have more than 5 carbons.
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What is a monosaccharide? and disaccharides? etc
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A single sugar unit. Contains two sugar units. etc
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What are three disaccharides and what are they made of?
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Sucrose: glucose + fructose
Maltose: glucose + glucose Lactose: glucose + galactose |
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How are disaccharides made?
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Dehydration synthesis.
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What happens in dehydration synthesis?
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2 H + 1 O are lost, combine to make water
Energy from losing water joins 2 monosacchs. |
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What is another name for dehydration synthesis?
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Condensation reaction
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What is a polysaccharide? What are they used for?
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Complex carb with many simple sugars together. Long term storage in plants and animals.
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Give 3 examples of a polysaccharide and whether they are used by animals or plants.
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Starch (amylose and amylopectin): plant
Cellulose: plant Glycogen: plant |
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What is starch?
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A plant carb used to store energy
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What is the unbranched version of starch called? How many glucose molecules make up the unbranched version?
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Amylose. About a thousand.
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What is the branched version of starch called? How many glucose molecules make up this kind?
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Amylopectin. 1000->6000
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What is glycogen?
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An animal carb used to store energy.
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How many glucose molecules make up glycogen?
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16-24
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What happens to glycogen when the body requires energy?
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It is broken down using glucose hydrolysis.
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What is cellulose?
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It is a major part of cell wall in plants.
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How many glucose molecules make up cellulose?
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More than amylopectin. (6000+)
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Where is over 50% of organic carbon in the biosphere found?
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Cellulose.
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What is ring strain? What is the smallest number of bonds before ring strain occurs?
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where the bonds in a monosaccharide begin to bend due to too little of bonds. 5 is likely smallest.
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How do lipids form?
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Dehydration synthesis/ dehydrolysis/ condensation rxn.
(Water removed from glycerol and fatty acid to create bond) |
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3 fatty acids + 1 glycerol - 3 water =?
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Triglyceride.
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What breaks down lipids?
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Hydrolysis/ digestion (the opposite of dehydration synthesis-- the addition of water)
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What does hydrolysis require?
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3 molecules of water + the enzyme, lipase.
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What do carbs provide the cells with?
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Cell wall in plants
Burned for energy in cellular respiration in animals/humans |
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What are three examples of food rich in carbs?
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Bread, pasta, potatoes.
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What is a lipid?
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Stores energy in body (2x more than sugars in carbs) long term vs glycogen which stores short term.
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Lipids serve as carriers for what?
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Vitamins (A, D, E, and K)
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Lipids are raw materials for what?
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The synthesis of hormones.
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Once carbs build up in excess what happens?
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They are stored as fat.
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What is another function of lipids?
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The protection of organs and insulation.
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Lipids are ______ macromolecules and are usually composed of what?
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Non-polar macromolecules, glycerol and fatty acid units.
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What does non- polar mean?
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There is no difference or separation of electrical charge within a molecule.
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What is a fatty acid?
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A long string of carbon with a -COOH group on the end. (-COOH makes it acid)
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What is the difference in shape and states between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?
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Sat= rectangular makes "stacking" easy so solid.
Unsat= kinked makes "stacking" difficult so liquid. |
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What is hydrogenation?
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Used to change unsaturated (liquid) fats into saturated (solid) fats. (Margarine) Changes a double bond into a single bond by adding hydrogen.
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What is emulsification?
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Bile salts coat fat droplets + keep them separated in order for hydrolysis to happen. Also helps break down lipids during digestion and increases surface area.
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What is a protein?
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Structural part of a cell (not primary energy compound like fats and carbs) make up cytoplasm
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When are protein made?
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When a cell becomes damaged
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What are antibodies?
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Specialized proteins that defend against disease.
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What are amino acids?
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Building blocks of protein
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What is a polypeptide?
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Many amino acids joined together
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What are the four components of amino acid and what do they contain?
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NH(2) = amino group
R = COOH = carboxylic acid group C = Main carbon |
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How many different amino acids are there?
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20
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What makes each amino acid different?
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The r group.
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What determines protein shape and function?
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Order and number of amino acids
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How many essential amino acids can humans not synthesis?
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8, we need to eat them in order to get them
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What makes hair curly?
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Cysteine (sulfur inside forms bridge which can be chemically broken to create curly or straight hair)
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How are amino acids attached to polypeptides?
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Dehydration synthesis (requires 1 water for every 2 amino acids joined)
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In dehydration synthesis pertaining to amino acids and polypeptides, a covalent bond forms between what parts of the two joining acids?
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Carboxyl group and amino group
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What is needed to break the peptide bond?
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Peptidase and water
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What are the four levels of protein structure ?
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Primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure.
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What is cholesterol considered?
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A steroid
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What are the two varieties of cholesterol?
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LDL: bad, builds up in vessels and plugs (70% of all is LDL)
HDL: good, carried LDL to liver to be broken down |
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Where is cholesterol produced and where do we get extra?
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Made in liver, eaten with fatty foods
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How does cholesterol influence heart disease?
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Clings to blood vessels, restricts passages of blood
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What would happen to cell membranes without cholesterol?
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Become too soft and permeable
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What type of lipid makes up cell membranes?
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Phospholipid
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How can a slim person be affected by cholesterol?
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High metabolism but high LDL intake as well
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What percent of average diets is fat?
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40 %
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What is cholesterol?
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Waxy fatty film that can cause heart disease
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What are three factors that make some prone to high cholesterol?
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Gender, heredity, diet
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What are the three classifications of lipids and what are their states?
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Fats and waxes= solid
Oils = liquid |
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Animal fats have saturated fatty acids which has what advantage?
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Harder to break
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Plants have unsaturated fatty acids (oil). What is the advantage? When is a plant mono or poly saturated?
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Easier to break, 1 , 1+ double bonds
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What are waxes?
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Long fatty acid chains, joined with alcohol or carbon rings
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Are waxes soluble?
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No
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What is a phospholipid?
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Phosphate group bonded to a glycerol backbone, replacing a fatty acid group
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What is the difference between fat and cholesterol
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Chemical differences
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What is the max cholesterol you should consume in a day?
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300 ml
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What are two things you can do to reduce cholesterol?
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Exercise, eat right, meditate,
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What are three functions of protein?
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Storage, structural, hormones
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What does the secondary structure of protein often look like? What causes this?
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Pleated sheet or helical coil
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Which of the four structural levels of protein is the most complex, why?
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Quaternary, so much folding and overlapping of peptide chains forms large globular proteins
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What is denaturation? What factors causes this?
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Temporary change in protein molecules. Heat, radiation, change in ph
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What is coagulation?
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Permanent change in protein ( boiling of egg)
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What is deamination? Why does it occur?
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Amino group is removed from amino acid, occurs when too much protein,
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