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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the two main reactions that take place in a chloroplast?
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Light dependant reactions and light independent reactions.
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Where do the light dependant reactions take place?
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Thylakoid
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Where do the light independent reactions take place?
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Stroma
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What does a thylakoid look like?
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A pancake in a stack.
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What is the stroma?
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Gooey stubstance that fills the chloroplasts.
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What does the light dependant reaction produce and what does it need to do this?
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Oxygen, Needs water and sunlight.
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What does the light independent reaction produce?
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Sugar (Glucose, sucrose, starch)
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What is ATP
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Adenosine Triphosphate
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If electrons leave, what is happening?
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Oxidation
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If electrons are gained what is happening?
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Reduction
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What is the equation for photosynthesis?
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6CO(2) + 6H(2)O + sunlight --> C(6)H(12)O(6) + 6O(2)
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What colours does a chlorophyll absorb and reflect?
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Chlorophyll a
A- Violet-blue, Red-orange R- Bright green to Blue-green Chlorophyll b A-Violet-green, orange B- Yellow-green, olive-green |
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What colours does a carotenoid absorb and reflect? What is the wavelength in relation to chlorophyll?
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A-Violet-blue, Blue-green
B- Orange Absorbs longer wavelengths |
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What colours does a xanthophyll absorb and reflect?
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A- Blue-green
R- Yellow |
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What colours does a phycoerythrin absorb and reflect?
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A- Green-yellow
R- Violet-red |
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What colours does a phycocyanin absorb and reflect?
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A- Yellow
R- Red, Violet, Blue |
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What is ETC?
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Electron Transport Chain
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What is a photon?
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A visible light particle
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What colours does a phycobilin reflect and where is it found?
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Red and found in red algae.
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Where does photosynthesis occur?
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Chloroplasts.
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What is the lamella and what is their purpose in chloroplasts?
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Joins thylakoid stacks together. Like a bridge.
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What is a grana?
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A full thylakoid stack.
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What is the inside of anything called?
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Lumen
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What are the first and second layers of the chloroplast called?
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Outer and inner membrane.
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List 3 products of light dependant reactions
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ATP, NADPH, Oxygen
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What captures the energy in a chloroplast and where is that energy stored?
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Pigments, stored in Photosystem II and Photosystem I
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When water is converted into oxygen and hydrogen, what are the hydrogen used for?
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Use energy from Hydrogen to convert ADP + Pi into ATP.
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What it called when the chloroplast uses the energy from Hydrogen to convert ADP + Pi into ATP? Where does it occur?
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Chemiosmosis/ ATPase. Happens in the ATP Synthetase
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Why is ETC important?
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Lots of excess energy released in controlled environment
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What is G3P?
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The most simple sugar that we in turn use to make glucose, sucrose and starch. The first product of the dark reactions.
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What are all the names for dark reactions?
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light independent, calvin cycle, carbon- fixation
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What are NADPH and ATP used for in dark reactions?
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to oxidize Carbon Dioxide into G3P
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What happens in dark reactions?
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NADPH and ATP oxidize CO(2) into G3P
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How many ATP and NADPH 's does the system need to use to convert each CO(2) molecule?
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3 ATP, 2 NADPH
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Why is Photosystem 1 after Photosystem 2?
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It was discovered first.
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Name all six parts of a mitochondrion
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Outer + Inner Membrane, Matrix, Ribosome, DNA.
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What is cellular respiration?
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The process in which cells break down glucose into CO(2) and water releasing energy (ATP)
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What are the four steps? Where do each occur?
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Glycolysis - Cytosol
Pyruvate Oxidation- Matrix Krebs/ Citric Acid Cycle- Matrix Etc/ Chemiosmosis- Matrix/ Inner membrane |
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Which steps need oxygen? What is this called?
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ETC/Chemiosmosis. Aerobic.
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What are the reactants and products of cellular respiration?
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Glucose, Oxygen. (Maybe water)
Water, Carbon Dioxide, ATP (energy) |
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What is the net total ATP produced from cellular respiration?
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36-38
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How many ATP are produced in each step?
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1- 2 from making pyruvate
2- none 3- 2 from converting ADP 4- 32 from converting ADP |
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What happens in glycolysis?
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Glucose splits into 2 pyruvate.
2 ATP --> 2 ADP +Pi WHILE 2 NAD+ --> NADH THEN 4 ADP + Pi --> 4 ATP |
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What are the three processes that can happen to the pyruvate produced in Glycolysis?
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Lactic Acid fermentation, Alcohol fermentation, and Cellular respiration
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What happens in both kinds of fermentation?
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-NADH oxidizes to NAD+ producing lactic acid and 2 ATP
- C0(2) is lost, to produce Acetaldehyde, NADH oxidizes to NAD+ producing ethanol and 2 ATP |
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How many times does pyruvate oxidation happen?
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twice
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What happens in Pyruvate Oxidation?
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Lose a CO(2) --> NAD+ reduced to NADH /WHILE/ CoA attaches to left over acetyl acid to form AcetylCoA
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How many times does the Krebs Cycle happen?
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Twice
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Name all the reactants and products of the Krebs Cycle
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-2 NAD+, ADP + Pi, FAD+, 1 NAD+
-2 NADH, ATP, FADH(2), 1 NADH |
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What happens in the Krebs Cycle?
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AcetylCoA drops off energy and goes back to Step2, CO(2) is produced and leaves the system, eventually getting breathed out, 2 NAD+, ADP + Pi, FAD+ and 1 NAD+ are all reduced.
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Where does the ETC/ Chemiosmosis happen?
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Inter membrane space/ matrix
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What happens in the ETC/Chemiosmosis?
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NADH, FADH(2) oxidized releasing energy, electrons pass down to stronger electron acceptors releasing energy, electron energy used to pump H into inter membrane space and then through ATPase making ATP
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What enters the ETC first, NADH or FADH(2)? Explain.
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NADH enters first because it has higher energy and as such can travel longer along the ETC and release more each time it's passed down.
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What is the final electron acceptor?
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Oxygen.
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Which step is oxygen located in?
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ETC/Chemiosmosis- final acceptor.
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Where does the NADH from Glycolysis go?
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Straight to the ETC.
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When does lactic acid fermentation happen?
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When there isn't enough oxygen to function the ETC.
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/Why/ happens in lactic acid fermentation?
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No O(2), NADH and FADH(2) build up, not enough NAD+ for Glycolysis. Use less efficient pathway making NAD+ but only producing 2 ATP.
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What uses Alcohol Fermentation?
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Yeast
Alcohol, Bread, Vinegars , Sour Crout, Soy Sauce, Chocolate. |
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What is the equation for Cellular Respiration?
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C6H12O6 + 6 O2 ---------> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy (ATP)
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In Glycolysis, how many of each molecule is made?
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2 ATP--> 2ADP
2NAD+-->2NADH 4ADP-->4ATP |
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In Krebs Cycle, how many of each molecule is made?
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2NAD+-->2NADH
1ADP-->1ATP 1FAD+-->1FADH(2) 1NAD+-->1NADH |
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What is lost in Krabs cycle? Where do they go?
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CoA and 2CO(2). CoA goes back to Pyruvate Oxidation, CO(2) eventually gets breathed out.
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What steps happen in both anaerobic and aerobic fermentation?
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Glycolysis (2 ATP, 2NADH, 2 Pyruvate are made)
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What happens in lactic acid fermentation?
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Glycolysis. 2ATP-->2ADP /WHILE/ 2NAD-->2NADH, 4ADP-->4ATP, 2 Pyruvate is made but b/c no oxygen pyruvate is converted by OXIDIZING NADH back into NAD+. Generates only 2 ATP
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What happens in ethanol fermentation?
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Glycolysis. 2ATP-->2ADP /WHILE/ 2NAD-->2NADH, 4ADP-->4ATP, 2 Pyruvate is made and converted into 2 acetaldehyde with help of H2O /WHILE/ CO2 is released. New acetaldehyde OXIDIZES NADH back into NAD+. Glycolysis continues, produces 2ethanol.
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What is a primary pigment?
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A pigment needed in a cell in order to pass energy to the ETC.
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What is an accessory pigment?
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A pigment that catches and passes on all the energy a primary pigment doesn't get.
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Where does lactic acid fermentation occur?
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Muscles.
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What is VO(2) Max?
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maximum use of oxygen per cell per minute.
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What does VO2 max stand for? What is it's real name?
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Volume of Oxygen Maximum.
Maximum oxygen consumption. |
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Why do runners walk after a long run?
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Low on O2, lactic acide is building up, if you walk--> breathe better/more O2 allowed into lungs--> deliver O2 to muscles which have been deprived while running--> O2 converts lactic acid back to pyruvate.
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