Bio 20 Final Review

Front 1

Gluclose

Back 1

a type of carbohydrate, can branch together to makemono/di/polysaccharides, ring made of 6 carbons

Front 2

Starch

Back 2

a polysaccharide made of several glucoses

Front 3

Triglycerides

Back 3

a type of fat, glycerol and 3 fatty acids

Front 4

Amino Acids

Back 4

make up proteins, contain nitrogen and oxygen

Front 5

How do enzymes work?

Back 5

enzymes are a type of protein that help speed up chemical reactions, decreaseactivation energy

Front 6

Monosaccharides

Back 6

a simple sugar that constitutes the building blocks of a more complex form of sugars such as oligosaccharides and polysaccharides.

Front 7

Disaccharides

Back 7

is the sugar formed when two monosaccharides (simple sugars) are joined

Front 8

Polysaccharide

Back 8

long chains of carbohydrate molecules, composed of several smaller monosaccharides.

Front 9

Hydrolysis

Back 9

any chemical reaction in which a molecule of water breaks one or more chemical bonds.

Front 10

Dehydration Synthesis

Back 10

the loss of water from the reacting molecule or ion

Front 11

Benedicts Reagent

Back 11

Test for glucose

Front 12

Iodine Test

Back 12

Test for carbohydrates

Front 13

Transluscent Test

Back 13

Test for fats

Front 14

Biurets Test

Back 14

Test for proteins

Front 15

Order of digestion

Back 15

mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus.

Front 16

What is chemical digestion?

Back 16

water and digestive enzymes to break down the complex molecules

Front 17

How are Carbs & Amino Acids absorbed?

Back 17

active transport to capillaries/blood

Front 18

How are Fats absorbed?

Back 18

passive transport, lymph vessels then blood

Front 19

Accessory Organs of digestive system?

Back 19

Pancreas, Liver, Gall Bladder

Front 20

What does the pancreas do?

Back 20

produces digestive juices and insulin, as well as other hormones to do with digestion.

Front 21

What does the liver do in digestion?

Back 21

make and secrete bile and to process and purify the blood containing newly absorbed nutrients that are coming from the small intestine (and detoxifies the food)

Front 22

What does the gall bladder do in the digestive system

Back 22

stores bile, a thick liquid that's produced by the liver to help us digest fat.

Front 23

Structures of the Respiratory System

Back 23

Nose, Mouth, Throat (pharynx), Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles, Lungs

Front 24

What Happens During Inhalation?

Back 24

diaphragm contracts and pulls downward. At the same time, the muscles between the ribs contract and pull upward. This increases the size of the thoracic cavity and decreases the pressure inside. As a result, air rushes in and fills the lungs

Front 25

What happens during exhalation?

Back 25

the diaphragm relaxes, and the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases, while the pressure within it increases. As a result, the lungs contract and air is forced out.

Front 26

What is Metabolism?

Back 26

the process by which the body changes food and drink into energy

Front 27

Anabolism

Back 27

Anabolism, the process of cell differentiation and growth, requires energy (ATP).

Front 28

Catabolism

Back 28

Catabolism is the process of transforming chemical fuels such as glucose into ATP (energy)

Front 29

Chlorophyll

Back 29

the natural compound present in green plants that gives them their color

Front 30

Chloroplats

Back 30

an organelle within the cells of plants and certain algae that is the site of photosynthesis

Front 31

Pigments

Back 31

coloured, black, white or fluorescent particulate organic or inorganic solids

Front 32

rF value

Back 32

distance travlled by component/

distance travelled by solvent

Front 33

Where do light independent reactions take place?

Back 33

In the stroma of the chloroplasts

Front 34

Where do light dependant ractions take place?

Back 34

The thykaloid membranes of the chloroplasts

Front 35

How does the ETS work?

Back 35

electron carriers take the electrons to a group of proteins in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.

Front 36

How does photosystem II work?

Back 36

Photopigment electrons get excited by solar energy, Excited electrons leave from reaction centre, Excited electrons move from reaction centre to electron transportsystem, The ETS uses the energy from the electrons to move hydrogen ionsacross the thylakoid membrane, The energy from the hydrogen gradient powers ATP synthase tomake ATP

Front 37

How does photosystem I work?

Back 37

Solar energy excites electrons in the photopigments of photosystem I, The electrons leave through the reaction centre, They enter the

electron transport system, The ETS passes the electrons and attaches them to NADP+ with a

hydrogen, Making NADPH, a short term energy carrier

Front 38

Parts of light dependant reactions

Back 38

Photosystems, electron transport system

Front 39

Examples of electron carriers

Back 39

ATP, NADPH, NADH, FADH2

Front 40

Chemiosmosis

Back 40

Using the energy of a hydrogen gradient to make ATP

Front 41

ATP Synthase

Back 41

a special enzyme in the thylakoid membrane

Front 42

The point of light dependant reactions?

Back 42

To capture solar energy and transform it into short term energycarriers

Front 43

The final electron acceptor in light-dependant reactions?

Back 43

NADP+ (to make NADPH)

Front 44

Final electron acceptor for photosystem II?

Back 44

Photosystem I

Front 45

What is the final product of photosystem II?

Back 45

ATP

Front 46

What is the name of the process that uses a hydrogengradient to make ATP?

Back 46

Chemiosmosis

Front 47

Light Independant Reaction Requirements

Back 47

1. CO2 from the air

2. CO2-capturing molecule RuBP (“ribulose bisphosphate”)

3. Enzymes to catalyze the reactions

4. ATP & NADPH from light reactions

Front 48

3 Steps of the Calvin-Benson Cycle

Back 48

Carbon Fixation, Reduction, Replacing RuBP

Front 49

Carbon Fixation

Back 49

CO2 + RuBP

Front 50

Reduction

Back 50

series of steps that make PGAL

(“glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate”); requires ATP &NADPH

PGAL + PGAL = glucose

Front 51

Replacing RuBP

Back 51

RuBP regenerated to prepare foranother cycle; requires ATP

Front 52

Products of the dark reactions:

Back 52

Glucose(also ADP & NADP+)

Front 53

Photosynthesis

Back 53

the process by which green plants and certain other organisms transform light energy into chemical energy

Front 54

Cellular Respiration

Back 54

A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars).

Front 55

Mitochondrial Matrix

Back 55

fluid-filled space

Front 56

Mitochondrial Cristae

Back 56

folds of inner membrane (largesurface area)

Front 57

Intermembrane space of mitochondria

Back 57

between inner andouter membrane

Front 58

Aerobic respiration

Back 58

Respiration with O2 present

Front 59

Anaerobic respiration

Back 59

Respiration with O2 absent

-Lactate fermentation

-Ethanol Fermentation

Front 60

4 steps in aerobic cellular respiration

Back 60

1. Glycolysis (cytoplasm)

2. Krebs Cycle Preparation (matrix)

3. Krebs Cycle (matrix)

4. Electron Transport System (Inner Membrane)

Front 61

Glycolysis

Back 61

in cytoplasm

does not require O2Glucose is split 🡪 2 pyruvate molecules (3 carbons each)

creates some NADH & ATP

Front 62

Krebs Cycle Prep

Back 62

-In matrix

-will not proceed without O2 but does not useO2 directly

-continues breaking down remnants of glucosereleases CO2

-creates some NADH

Front 63

Krebs Cycle

Back 63

-Also called the “Citric Acid Cycle”

-in matrixfinishes breaking down remnants of glucose

- Releases CO2, creates NADH & FADH2 and some ATP

Front 64

Electron Transport System

Back 64

-Energized electrons used to create a hydrogengradient in a compartment – intermembrane space

-Hydrogen gradient used to power ATP synthase tomake ATP

- Final electron acceptor = oxygen

Front 65

Purpose of Chemiosmosis

Back 65

use energized electrons to create a hydrogen gradientneeded by ATP synthase to make ATP

Front 66

how Anaerobic Respiration works

Back 66

-In prokaryotes (soil, large intestine) & certain

eukaryotic cells (muscle cells, yeast)

-Occurs in cell cytoplasm

- Different final electron acceptor than O2

Front 67

Lactate Fermentation

Back 67

-Muscle cells & bacteria (making yogurt & cheese) -Final electron acceptor: lactate (a.k.a. lactic acid) -Produces 2 ATP & lactate

Front 68

Ethanol Fermentation

Back 68

-Certain bacteria & yeast (wine & beer

production )

- Final electron acceptor: ethanol

- Produces 2 ATP, ethanol & CO2

Front 69

How the circulatory system transports nutrients/wastes?

Back 69

The heart pumps oxygenated and deoxygenated blood on different sides.

Front 70

How does the circulatory system regulate body temperature?

Back 70

By changing the blood flow to the skin, the body can control heat exchange at its surface with its surroundings.

Front 71

Arteries

Back 71

-Carry oxygenated blood from the heart to thebody

-Have very thick muscle and elastic walls(expand and contract as blood is pumpedthrough, producing a pulse)

Front 72

Capillaries

Back 72

-Smallest blood vessels (1/10 the width of ahuman hair) and just big enough for bloodcells to go through in single file

-Distributed throughout the body

Front 73

Veins

Back 73

-Carry carbon dioxide rich blood from body toheart (except for the pulmonary vein)

-Have thinner walls, thinner smooth muscles,and are wider inside

-Contain one-way valves to keep blood goingforward and use muscles to help move blood

Front 74

Aneurysm

Back 74

weakening/dilationof a blood vessel

Front 75

Stroke

Back 75

interruption of theblood flow to any part of thebrain

Front 76

Pulmonary pathway

Back 76

transportsdeoxygenated blood to the lungs to becomeoxygenated

Front 77

Systemic Pathway

Back 77

-movesblood from the leftventricle to all other partsof the body and back

-All blood leaves the leftventricle via the aorta,where it branches into themajor arteries of the body

Front 78

Gas Exhanges in blood happens in.....

Back 78

Capillaries

Front 79

Coronary pathway

Back 79

provides blood to theheart via the coronary arteries that branchoff the aorta & capillaries embedded in theheart wall

Front 80

Artery Blood Flow

Back 80

Flow maintained by pressurefrom:

1. Contraction of left ventricle

2. Artery wall smooth muscle contraction-HIGH pressure

Front 81

Vein Blood Flow

Back 81

Veins: Flow maintained by pressure from:

1. Contraction of skeletal muscle that isnear veins (eg. leg muscles)

2. Backflow prevented by valves- LOW pressure

Front 82

Heart rate

Back 82

how many times per minute theheart beats

Front 83

Stroke volume

Back 83

how much blood leaves theheart in one beat

Front 84

sinoatrial (SA) node

Back 84

in the right atrium producesan electrical signal that causes the heart to beat bymaking the atria (top halves) of the heart contract

Front 85

atrioventricular (AV) node

Back 85

is stimulated by thiscontraction and makes the ventricles (lower halves)contract

Front 86

Blood Pressure

Back 86

the pressure exerted by blood as it pushesagainst the blood vessel walls

Front 87

Systolic pressure

Back 87

When the ventricles of theheart contract

(highest pressure)

Front 88

Diastolic pressure

Back 88

The lowest pressure inbetween heart contractions

Front 89

Average Blood Pressure is:

Back 89

120/80 or lower

Front 90

Components of Blood

Back 90

Plasma, Red Blood cells, platelets, white blood cells

Front 91

Plasma

Back 91

Liquid portion of blood

55% of blood

Front 92

Red Blood Cells

Back 92

Carries Oxygen

44% of blood

Filled with hemoglobin

Front 93

Platelets

Back 93

Causes clotting

Formed in bone marrow

Causes fibrin clots

Front 94

White Blood Cells

Back 94

Promotes clotting and fights infection

Front 95

Functions of Blood

Back 95

Transport materials, Absorbs nutrients from

digestive organs, Carries hormones and other chemicalmessengers, Temperature regulation

Front 96

3 lines of defence of the immune system

Back 96

1st line: Physical & Chemical Barriers

2nd Line: Macrophages, Monocytes &Neutrophils (WBC’s)

3rd Line: Specific Immunity:B-cells & T-cells (“lymphocytes”)

Front 97

1st Line Of defence

Back 97

-Including: skin, eyelashes, cilia ofrespiratory tract, tears, stomach acid.

-Skin is dry, tough, relativelyindigestible, contains bactericides &acidic perspiration

Front 98

2nd line of defence

Back 98

-Kill/destroy foreign invaders quickly

- Release of enzymes/toxins to destroy

- Engulf invaders

- Alert the specific part of the immune system

-Release chemicals to activate the third line of

defence

- Present antigens to identify invader specifically -Move to lymph nodes to alert lymphocytes

Front 99

3rd Line Of Defence

Back 99

-Carry out specific responses to invaders

- Provide “memory” to the immune system

a) B-cells: antibody mediated immunity

b) T-cells: cellular immunity

Front 100

Macrophages

Back 100

engulf invaders anddestroy them

Front 101

B-cells

Back 101

B cells produce antibodies

Front 102

Helper T cells:

Back 102

Recognize antigens in macrophages, stimulatesmacrophages, B cells & other T cells

Front 103

Killer T cells

Back 103

bind with infected cells & rupture them

Front 104

Suppressor T cells

Back 104

suppress immunity to ensure normal tissue is notdestroyed

Front 105

Memory T cells

Back 105

respond quickly when an antigen is encountered again

Front 106

lymphatic system function

Back 106

helps tomaintain the balance of fluids in thebody

Front 107

Rh factor

Back 107

another group of antigens found on most RBCs

Front 108

Rh positive

Back 108

You have the antigen

Front 109

Rh negative

Back 109

you don’t have the antigen

Front 110

Open System

Back 110

Allows energy and matter tocross the system’s boundary – toenter and leave it.

Front 111

Closed System

Back 111

A closed system is one thatallows only energy (but NOTmatter) to cross the boundary

Front 112

Ecology

Back 112

the study of our home (earth)

Front 113

Biosphere

Back 113

the earth

Front 114

organism

Back 114

Living thing

Front 115

Atmosphere

Back 115

gaseous part of Earth; concentrated within 10km ofEarth’s surface (but extends higher)

Front 116

Lithosphere

Back 116

solid, mainly rocky part of Earth

Front 117

Hydrosphere

Back 117

all of the water (solid as well as liquid) that exists andmoves through the geosphere

Front 118

Producers

Back 118

convert light energy from the sun into stored energy incarbohydrates via photosynthesis

Front 119

Consumers

Back 119

use the energy in carbohydrates (sugars) to power theircells via cellular respiration or fermentation

Front 120

Albedo

Back 120

the amount of light an objectreflects (expressed as percent)

Front 121

Composition of the atmosphere

Back 121

~80% nitrogen gas

~20% oxygen

~1% everything else

~0.03% carbon dioxide

~0% - 0.4% water vapour

Front 122

Chemosynthetic Producers

Back 122

Convert energy from chemical bonds into stored biological energy

Front 123

Primary Consumers (Herbivores)

Back 123

Only eat plants, bacteria, algae, and any other organisms that areautotrophs

E.g., Some insects, snails, birds, mammals, clams, tubeworms, mussels

Front 124

Secondary Consumers (Carnivores)

Back 124

Animals that eat herbivores

E.g., Spiders, frogs, insect-eating birds

Front 125

Tertiary Consumers (also Carnivores)

Back 125

Animals that eat other carnivores or secondary consumers

E.g., Wild cats, giant crabs, tuna, many humans

Front 126

Decomposers

Back 126

Obtain energy by consuming dead organisms,shedded parts of organisms, or waste material(feces) therefore are primary, secondary &tertiary consumers

E.g. Bacteria, earthworms, some insects

Front 127

1st law of Thermodynamics:

Back 127

energy cannot be created or destroyed,only transferred from one form to another

Front 128

2nd law of Thermodynamics:

Back 128

Energy conversion is not 100% efficient.Each time energy is converted some is dispersed or “lost” to sound,heat, etc.

Front 129

Biotic

Back 129

living + organic

Front 130

Abiotic

Back 130

non-living + inorganic

Front 131

Trophic level

Back 131

feeding level withinan ecosystem

Front 132

Food Chains

Back 132

Show a linear pathway throughwhich food is transferred to highertrophic levels

Front 133

Food Webs

Back 133

A more complex and more accurate model that tracksfood/energy transfer in an ecosystem

Front 134

The Rule of 10

Back 134

On average, only ~10%of energy is transferredto a consumer, theother 90% is lost.

Front 135

Pyramid of Numbers

Back 135

-Organisms at a higher trophic level are often less innumber than those at a lower trophic level -The width of each is # of organisms

Front 136

Pyramid of Biomass

Back 136

Biomass= the dry mass of living or once-livingorganisms per unit area

- Expressed in grams/square meter

- Makes up for size differences in species

Front 137

Pyramid of Energy

Back 137

-Eliminates problems with other models, but is more complicated tocalculate

- Shows the total amount of energy at each trophic level

- This MUST have a pyramid shape

Front 138

Cohesion

Back 138

The attraction of watermolecules to each other -causes surface tension

Front 139

Adhesion

Back 139

The attraction of water toother molecules

Front 140

Heat Capacity

Back 140

the amount of heat a substance can absorb orrelease for a given change in temperature

Front 141

Autotrophs

Back 141

Self-feeding

Front 142

Heterotrophs

Back 142

Need something else do feed off of

Front 143

Gaia Hypothesis

Back 143

The biosphere needs a constant input of energy and cycling ofnutrients to maintain its internal balance.

Front 144

Species

Back 144

interbreeding organisms

Front 145

Population

Back 145

group of a species in one area

Front 146

Community

Back 146

populations of several species interacting in one area

Front 147

Ecosystem

Back 147

community & its non-living environment

Front 148

Biosphere

Back 148

ecosystems interacting together

Front 149

Taxonomy

Back 149

The practice of categorizing living things

Front 150

Kingdom Archaea

Back 150

prokaryotic, unicellular organisms; tend to onlylive in extreme and/or harsh environments

Front 151

Kingdom Bacteria

Back 151

prokaryotic, unicellular organisms; different cellcomposition; can live just about anywhere

Front 152

Kingdom Protista

Back 152

unicellular and multicellular organisms; somemake their own food and some ingest it

- Includes algae

Front 153

Kingdom Fungi

Back 153

secrete digestive enzymes onto food and absorb themolecules that are released

-Mushrooms, moulds, and yeasts

Front 154

Kingdom Plantae

Back 154

organisms that photosynthesize to make their ownfood

- Mosses, ferns, coniferous trees, and flowering plants

Front 155

Kingdom Animalia

Back 155

ingest their food and most are motile

- Insects, mammals, birds, reptiles

Front 156

Naming of Organisms

(Least to most specific)

Back 156

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Front 157

Binomial Nonmenclature

Back 157

The first part of an organism’s scientific name is the genus andthe second word is the species.

-The first letter of the genus is always capitalized.

- The species name is always lower case.

Front 158

BIOME

Back 158

Large ecosystems with aparticular climate

Front 159

Factors That Determine Climate

Back 159

1. Latitude (distance north or south of equator )

2. Elevation (height above sea level)

Front 160

Factors That Create Climate

Back 160

1. air currents

2. Continents

3. circular water flow

4. Mountains

Front 161

habitat

Back 161

a place or area within a biome orecosystem that has a particular set of bioticand abiotic characteristics.

Front 162

range

Back 162

geographical areawhere the organism is found.

Front 163

How Is Life on Land Distributed? (Terrestrial)

Back 163

1. Water availability

2. Temperature

Front 164

ecological niche

Back 164

is the role that itsmembers play in an ecosystem.

Front 165

How Is Life in Water Distributed? (Aquatic)

Back 165

1. Energy (sunlight)

2. Nutrients

Front 166

Littoral zone

(freshwater ecosystem)

Back 166

Plants find abundant light, anchorage, and adequate nutrients frombottom sediments (near shore)

Front 167

Limnetic zone

(freshwater ecosystem)

Back 167

Plants cannot anchor to bottom and still receive enough light forphotosynthesis (farther from shore)

Front 168

Profundal zone

(freshwater ecosystem)

Back 168

Lies below the limnetic zone

Light levels insufficient for photosynthesisNutrients are abundant, as detritus falls down from other zones andsediments wash in

Front 169

Oligotrophic lakes

Back 169

Water clear, little sediment ormicroscopic life

Front 170

Eutrophic lakes

Back 170

receive largerinputs of sediments, organicmaterial, and inorganic nutrientsfrom surroundings

Front 171

Photic zone

(marine ecosystem)

Back 171

-Occurs in the upper layer of water, where light is strong enough to supportphotosynthesis

-About 650 ft or 200 m depth

Front 172

Aphotic zone

(marine ecosystem)

Back 172

-Lies beneath the photic zone

- Energy comes from the dead bodies and excrement sinking down fromabove

Front 173

Biotic Limiting Factors

Back 173

Competition for Resources, Predators, Parasites,

Front 174

Intraspecific Competiton

Back 174

competition among members of the samepopulation

Front 175

Interspecific Competition

Back 175

competition between two or morepopulations

Front 176

Predators

Back 176

Consumption of one organism by another

Front 177

Parasites

Back 177

One organism (parasite) deriving its nutrition from another organism(host) who is harmed in some way

Front 178

Sampling Populations in Ecosystems

Back 178

Transects, Quadrats

Front 179

Quadrats

Back 179

sampling from several smaller “squares” or “rectangles”randomly chosen within a study area

Front 180

Transects

Back 180

sampling along avery long rectangle

Front 181

Density

Back 181

The number of individuals per unit of volume or area

Front 182

Adaptation

Back 182

a structure, behavior or physiological process that helpsan organism survive and reproduce

Front 183

Variation

Back 183

a visible or invisible difference that can help anindividual survive

Front 184

Mutations

Back 184

-A change in the genetic code (DNA) in a cell

-Occur spontaneously at a relatively constant rate in all cells (every timea new cell is made, the DNA may contain errors)

- Can be induced by mutagens: UV light, chemicals, etc.

- When it happens in sperm or eggs, this mutation will be inherited

Front 185

Natural Selection

Back 185

is a process that results when thecharacteristics of a population of organisms change

Because individuals with certain inherited traits survive specificlocation conditions and, through reproduction, pass on their traitsto their offspring

Front 186

scientific hypothesis

Back 186

a statement that provides one possibleanswer to a question OR explanation for an observation

Front 187

scientific theory

Back 187

a general statement that explains and makespredictions about a broad range of observations (based on successfulhypotheses)

Front 188

Buffon

Back 188

Suggested common ancestry between types of cats(different forms arose through spontaneousgeneration)

Front 189

Cuvier

Back 189

-Noticed different layers of rocks where characterized byunique fossil groups

-Evidence of species extinction but not evolution

-Proposed catastrophism

Front 190

Catastrophism

Back 190

Many species werecreated, then catastrophes occurred andsome died. These are fossilized. The rest remain today

Front 191

Lyell

Back 191

Proposed same natural processes operated at same rates in past asthey do today

Front 192

Lamarck

Back 192

Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characters:

- The environment induces changes to organisms -Organisms change from simple to complex – until they reached perfection

- Use or disuse of traits modified in each individual’s lifetime are passed on tooffspring

Front 193

Darwin

Back 193

Proposed the theory of natural selection in 1838 in collaborationwith Alfred Russel Wallace who had proposed a similar theory at thesame time

Front 194

Darwin’s ideas in Origin of Species

Back 194

1. Present forms of life have arisen by descent and modification froman ancestral species

2. Different species in different areas that are best adapted to theenvironment evolve

Front 195

Evolution

Back 195

a change in a population’s genetic frequenciesover time.

Front 196

Evidence for evolution

Back 196

Fossil Records, Transitional Fossils, Patterns of Distribution, Anatomy, Embryology, Molecular

biology & genetics

Front 197

The fossil record

Back 197

-Fossils in younger layers of rocks are more similar tospecies alive today

- Fossils appear in chronological order in the rock layers

- Not all organisms appear in the fossil record at the sametime

Front 198

Transitional fossils

Back 198

-Fossils that show intermediary links between groups of organisms

- Help scientists understand the process and relationships betweengroups of organisms

Front 199

Patterns of Distribution

Back 199

-Study of past and present geological distribution of organisms

-Species are more similar when found

geographically close

- Animals on islands are similar to animals found on closestcontinent

Front 200

Anatomy

Back 200

-Homologous structures: similar structural

elements but differentfunction

-Analogous structures: parts that perform similar functions despite nocommon ancestor

Front 201

Embryology

Back 201

Similar embryos in relatedgroups

(e.g., vertebrates) pointto a common ancestor

Front 202

Molecular biology & genetics

Back 202

All cells contain DNA, cell membranes, water, proteins, lipids &carbohydrates

Front 203

Speciation

Back 203

The formation of a new speciesthrough evolution

Front 204

Transformation

Back 204

-One species gradually turns into another

-Caused by a progression of environmental changes and pressures

- The old species NO LONGER EXISTS

Front 205

Divergence

Back 205

-One species splits into 2 species

-Caused by the separation (barrier) of members of the species and then separateevolution for a period of time

-Results in reproductively isolated populations

Front 206

Geographical Barriers

Back 206

Something physical about the environment

separates members of aspecies

e.g. a river, continents moving, a dam

Front 207

Biological barriers

Back 207

Behavioral factors prevent certain members of a species frombreeding

E.g. black sheep are shunned by white sheep, and thus only breedwith each other

Front 208

Adaptive Radiation

Back 208

The diversification of an ancestralspecies into many new species

Front 209

Gradualism

Back 209

Evolution of species occurs gradually, at asteady rate, as small changes add up to cause eventualchange

Front 210

Punctuated Equilibrium

Back 210

Evolution of species occurs mostlyin short periods of time where there is great change,followed by long periods of time where there is very littlechange