Bio 110 Test 4

Front 1

Primary Sex Organs

Back 1

Male- testes (sperm cells)
Female- ovaries (egg cells/ova)

Front 2

Human reproduction- males

Back 2

- produce sperm cells
- deliver sperm cells

Front 3

Human reproduction- females

Back 3

- produce egg cells
- provide environment for fertilization (in oviduct or fallopian tubes)
- carry, protect, and nuture fetus for 40 weeks
- labor (nourish/produce milk)

Front 4

Where are sperm cells produced?

Back 4

seminiferous tubules

Front 5

Epidiclymis

Back 5

mature sperm cells

Front 6

Interstitial cells

Back 6

produce testosterone which increase genitalia and sperm reproduction

Front 7

What are the secondary sex characteristics for males and females

Back 7

males- facial hair
females- breasts

Front 8

Nurse cells

Back 8

nuture and protect sperm cells (sertoli)

Front 9

Vas deferens

Back 9

bring the sperm cells back into the body

Front 10

Uretha

Back 10

transports sperm cells out of the body

Front 11

Inguinal canal

Back 11

passage which conveys the spermatic chord

Front 12

Three secretions that sperm is made of:

Back 12

seminal vesicles- increase fructose liquid
prostrate gland- alkaline rub increased PH
cowper gland- release a lubricant called pre-ejaculation

Front 13

Four major parts of the sperm cell:

Back 13

- head
- neck-piece/mitochondrial sheath
- flagellum
- acrosome- contains digestive enzymes

Front 14

How many eggs are women born with, how many will they have by puberty, and how many in adulthood?

Back 14

- 4M
- 400,000
- 400

Front 15

Where is the egg fertilized?

Back 15

1st third of the oviduct

Front 16

Implantation

Back 16

attachment and penetration of the embryo into the lining of the uterus

Front 17

Human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG)

Back 17

hormone produced that indicates pregnancy

Front 18

Pituitary gland

Back 18

secretes hormones regulating homeostasis

Front 19

What are secondary sex characteristics?

Back 19

traits that distinguish the two sexes of a species

Front 20

What tests indicate the presence of HCG?

Back 20

pregnancy test (blood or urine)

Front 21

28 day cycle at the female ovaries

Back 21

1-13 days- the pituitary gland releases FSH (follide to mature and release estrogen)
14th day- ovulation
15-28 days- pituitary gland releases LH (after estrogen cutts off FSH) corpus letum begins to release progesterone

Front 22

28 day cycle at the female uterus

Back 22

1-5 days- menstruation
6-14 days- uterus becomes thicker and more vascular
15-28 days- lining to produce mucus

Front 23

LH

Back 23

is cutt off by estrogen during the 28 day cycle and there's a drop in hormones (unless there's a pregnancy)

Front 24

What happens during pregnancy?

Back 24

the high levels of hormones shut off the pituitary gland, therefore, no ovulation and no menstruation

Front 25

STD

Back 25

sexually transmitted disease- infectious diseases caused mostly by sexual intercourse

Front 26

Two types of STD:

Back 26

bacterial
viral

Front 27

Bacterial STD:

Back 27

-treated with antibiotics
- chlamydia
- gonorrhea
-syphillis

Front 28

Viral STD:

Back 28

- genital herpes
- papilloma virus
- H.I.V

Front 29

Three stages of Syphillis:

Back 29

1- chancre
2- rash over entire body
3- tertiary stage (serious damage to cardiovascular system) characterized by dementia

Front 30

Asymptomatic

Back 30

no symptoms

Front 31

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

Back 31

(PID) latent infection of gonorrhea or chlamydia in the vasa deferentia or uterine tube

Front 32

Tetracycline/ silver nitrate

Back 32

- antibiotics given for bacterial STDs

Front 33

Genital herpes "stressors":

Back 33

1- stress
2- illness
3- menstruation
4- sunlight
Biofeedback- figure out what causes an outbreak and avoid those stressors

Front 34

Papilloma virus

Back 34

can cause an outbreak called genital warts in some people
- also linked to cervical cancer

Front 35

H.I.V.- first called "Gay Related Immune Disorder"-1981

Back 35

Human Immune Deficiency Virus
- leads to AIDS
- transmitted by body fluids such as blood, semen, saliva, and tear drops

Front 36

AIDS

Back 36

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
- infects the T-lymphocytes
- die from opportunistic diseases
- called a retro virus because cells take RNA to make DNA

Front 37

Three major categories of HIV:

Back 37

A- level above 500 mm3, few if any sypmtoms, and still test negative
B- 200-499/mm3, symptoms start to develop
C- less than 200/mm3, full blown AIDS, 200-400 days to live

Front 38

What does it mean if you test positive for HIV?

Back 38

you have the antibodies

Front 39

Why are STDs more severe in females than in males?

Back 39

Females can have an STD with any sypmtoms therefore infection can spread into vital sex organs and cause severe damage

Front 40

Excretion

Back 40

process of eliminating waste products of metabolism including excess water and salts

Front 41

What are some organs that facilitate the removal of metabolic waste products from the body?

Back 41

- kidneys
- lungs
- skin

Front 42

What function do the kidneys have?

Back 42

Kidneys are major waste removers- they filter wastes out of the blood and dilute the blood with water (monitor how much water is in the blood)

Front 43

What function do the ureters have?

Back 43

transfer urine from the kidneys to the bladder

Front 44

Major organs of the excretory system:

Back 44

kidneys
lungs
rectum

Front 45

Trace the path of urine

Back 45

from the kidneys to the ureters to the bladder to the uretha and out of the body

Front 46

Nephrons

Back 46

functional units of excretion

Front 47

ADH (Anti-Diuretic Hormone)

Back 47

released by the pituitary gland to help the body retain water

Front 48

Diuresis

Back 48

to increase urine production

Front 49

Diuretics

Back 49

dehydrate the body by pulling more water out of the blood
ex: caffeine and alcohol

Front 50

What does alcohol do?

Back 50

depresses the release of ADH, thereby dehydrating the body

Front 51

Five functions of the liver:

Back 51

1- makes bile
2- breaksdown worn-out red blood cells
3- detoxifies toxic substances
4- stores extra sugar as glycogen and breaks it down
5- converts toxic ammonia to urea for removal from the body

Front 52

Where does hemoglobin go after the breakdwon of red blood cells in the liver

Back 52

hemoglobin is broken down to iron and sent to bone marrow to make RBCs
breaks down to yellowish substance (bilirubin)/ greenish substance (biliverdin)

Front 53

What does it take to make bile?

Back 53

bilirubin
biliverdin
inorganic salts

Front 54

What hormone is stored in the pancreas?

Back 54

insulin

Front 55

Jaundice

Back 55

indicates that something is wrong with the liver (except in newborns)

Front 56

What is uremia? What does it indicate?

Back 56

a toxic condition resulting from kidney disease in which there is retention in the bloodstream of waste products normally in the urine
indicates that the kidney is shutting down

Front 57

What else does the liver do?

Back 57

breaksdown proteins to amino acids to make own proteins to ammonia (very toxic so liver adds CO2) to make urea and sends it to the kidneys

Front 58

How does Dialysis work?

Back 58

puts urea back in your bloodstream at a lower level

Front 59

What is Dialysis?

Back 59

primarily used to provide an artificial replacement for lost kidney function due to renal failure

Front 60

Why can dialysis never be as good as the human body's natural process of blood filtration?

Back 60

takes a toll on the body because of lack of homeostasis
does not correct the endocrine functions of the kidney

Front 61

Blending Theory

Back 61

Mendel rejected this theory that offspring are the result of the blending of parental traits

Front 62

Who is Gregor Mendel?

Back 62

- priest/scientist
- "father of genetics"
- studied inheritance traits in pea plants

Front 63

Advantages of pea plant observations for genetics:

Back 63

1- short-time generation
2- cross/seed fertilizer
3- either/or variations

Front 64

Gene

Back 64

unit of inheritance

Front 65

Alleles

Back 65

several forms of genes

Front 66

Dominant allele

Back 66

always expressed in your appearance

Front 67

Recessive allele

Back 67

not always expressed in your appearance

Front 68

Genotype

Back 68

actual alleles you inherit

Front 69

Phenotype

Back 69

expression of genotypes

Front 70

Homozygous

Back 70

of the same alleles

Front 71

Heterozygous

Back 71

of different alleles

Front 72

Monohybrid

Back 72

one trait, one set of alleles

Front 73

Dihybrid

Back 73

two traits, two sets of alleles

Front 74

Sex-linkage

Back 74

allele that occurs on the sex chromosome but may control a trait having nothing to do with the sexual characteristics of an individual

Front 75

Diploid

Back 75

twice the number of chromosomes found in the gametes

Front 76

Haploid

Back 76

the number characteristics of gametes that contain only one set of chromosomes

Front 77

Law of Independent Assortment

Back 77

alleles of unlinked genes assort independently of each other during meiosis so that the gametes contain all possible combinations of alleles

Front 78

Law of Segregation

Back 78

separation of alleles from each other during meiosis so that the gametes contain one from each pair

Front 79

Autochromosome

Back 79

non-sex chromosome, is the same in both sexes of a species

Front 80

Sex chromosome

Back 80

determine the sex and sex-linked characteristics of an individual
- males have XY
-females have XX

Front 81

XY chromosomes:

Back 81

the X chromosome does not determine the sex of the offspring but the Y does
the egg carries the X chromosome
the spermatoza can carry either an X or a Y chromosome