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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What kind of interactions take place for random distribution?
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Neutral interactions between individuals and individuals and species.
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What kind of interactions take place for regular distribution?
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Antagonistic interactions between individuals or local depletion of resources.
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What kind of interactions take place for clumped distribution?
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Attraction between individuals or attraction between individuals and a common resource.
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What is Bergman's and Allen's rule for body size and extremity length?
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As body size increases, extremity length decreases.
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What is the relationship between the angle of the sun's rays and the area between the poles?
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The closer the area to the poles the smaller the angle of the rays to the surface of the earth.
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Which looses more heat energy the arctic or the tropics?
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Arctic.
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Divisions of a food web are?
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Trophic levels
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What is a population?
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A population is a group of individuals of the same species living together, possibly interbreeding.
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Carrying Capacity?
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It is where the population's growth sustains.
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Biotopes?
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An area in nature dominated by a single plant species.
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What is a community?
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The sum of populations of varying species living in the same biotope.
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What is a niche?
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It is the organisms function in the ecosystem.
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What is a limnic ecosystem?
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It is an ecosystem that is freshwater based.
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What is the pattern for species diversity?
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It is the greatest in the tropics than declines as you move towards the poles.
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What is a biome?
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A biome is an area specified by its particular plant or geography.
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Describe the air over the deserts and the air over the equator?
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As the warm air rises at the equator it cools causing heavy ran fall. Cooler dry air falls back to the surface absorbing the moisture over the deserts.
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Which does air flow?
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South to North.
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How does the Coriolis affect winds?
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In the northern hemisphere it causes them to go to the right slightly. In the southern hemisphere it causes them to go the left slightly.
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What is the O horizon of the soils?
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Freshly fallen organic material, leaves.
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What is the A horizon of the soils?
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Mixture of mineral, clay, silt, and sand. Supports high levels of biological activity.
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What is the B horizon of the soil?
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Clay, humus, and other materials leached from horizon A.
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What is the C horizon of the soil?
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Weathered parent material, work by frost and penetrating roots. Little biological activity.
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How do animals conserve water in the desert?
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They shed heat radiatively and excrete solid waste.
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Spiral Length
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Length of a stream required for a nutrient atom to complete a cycle.
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S=VT
S=? V=? T=? |
S=spiraling length
V=Average velocity of a nutrient atom T= Average time to complete a cycle |
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Long spiral length =
short spiral length= |
1) Short retentiveness
2) Long retentiveness |
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Nutrient mineralization?
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Breakdown of organic matter to form soluble of organic matter that is usable for plants or animals.
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Low C:N means?
High C:N means? |
Low means rapid decomposition.
High means slow decomposition. |
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Intertidal zone=?
Neritic zone=? Epipelagic zone=? Mesopelagic zone=? Bathypelagic zone=? Abyssal zone=? Hadal=? |
Intertidal zone= shallow shoreline
Neritic zone= coast to margin of continental shelf Epipelagic zone= surface layer of the ocean that extends from 0-200m Mesopelagic zone= 200-1000m Bathypelagic zone= 1000m- 4000m Abyssal zone= 4000-6000m Hadal= 6000+m |
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Oligotrophic=?
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Well mixed, low biological production, and well oxygenated lake.
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Eutrophic=?
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High biological production and low oxygen levels.
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Principle of allocation?
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If organisms use energy for one function such as growth, the amount of energy available for other functions is reduced.
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r strategists=?
K strategists=? |
r's reproduce early
K's reproduce later |
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Ecology=?
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The study of the distribution and abundance of organisms.
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What is ecology?
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The study of the distribution and abundance of organisms.
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What can be related out of habitat tolerance, local population size, and geographic range?
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Geographic range and habitat tolerance can be related, and local population size and geographic range can be related.
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What are the most abundant species and those least threatened by extinction?
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Extensive geographic range, broad habitat tolerance, and large local population.
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What is the functional response of the predator?
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It is a change in the rate of killing for prey density.
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What is the numerical response of the predator?
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It is the change of the predator density associated with the change of prey density.
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What is interference competition?
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Competition in which individuals interact directly and prevent other individuals from a common source.
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What is exploitation competition?
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Individuals remove a source needed by others.
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What is apparent competition?
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Individuals affect each other negatively via a shared natural enemy.
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What is competitive symmetry?
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Magnitude of the affect of competition is the same on both individuals.
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What is competitive asymmetry?
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The magnitude of competition affects one competitor more than the other.
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Competitive exclusion principle?
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If there is no difference between the niches of two species than one species will eliminate the other.
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What is ecological niche considered?
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A n-dimensional hypervolume.
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What is a parasitoid?
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A parasitoid lays her eggs in or on the host. The developing larvae eat and kill the host. Adult parasitoids are free living insects.
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What is a parasite?
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Parasites obtain their substance from a host. The parasite use their host as shelter and food. Usually does not kill the host.
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What is the difference between parasitoids and parasites?
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Parasitoids kill their host where parasites do not.
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What is brood parasitism?
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It is where a species lays its egg in another species nest and has another species take care of it.
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What is a pathogen?
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Pathogens causes a disease that can harm the host. They can potentially kill the host.
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What is handling time?
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Is the amount of time predators spend hunting down prey.
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What is facultative mutualism?
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The two species benefiting from a mutualistic relationship, do not depend on it.
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What is obligate mutualism?
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It is when two species depend on their mutualistic relationship. Ex: Lichens and plants.
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What is a community?
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A community is an association of interacting species living in a defined area.
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What is a community web?
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A community web traces entire set of trophic interactions within a community.
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What is a source web?
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A source web trace trophic links arising from a single source.
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What is a sink web?
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A sink web traces trophic links to a top predator.
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What is selective predation suppose to favor?
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Selective predation will favor a higher community diversity.
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What is an ecosystem?
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An ecosystem is a biological community plus the abiotic factors affecting that community.
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What is the trophic level?
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The trophic level is the feeding position of an organism in the ecosystem.
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Primary succession occurs where?
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It occurs on sterile inorganic substrates.
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What happens to soil during primary succession?
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Soil increases in depth and structure.
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What is facilitation succession?
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It is when early species enhance the environment for later species.
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