Bio 100 Exam 2

Front 1

Four Types of Biological Molecules

Back 1

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids

Front 2

Protein Monomer componets

Back 2

Hundreds of amino acids

Front 3

Nucleic Acid Monomer components

Back 3

Nucleotide monomers

Front 4

Carbohydrates Monomer components

Back 4

Saccharide's or as polymers of saccharides

Front 5

Peptide

Back 5

Two or more amino acids Covalently linked

Front 6

Polypeptide

Back 6

Chain of many acids joined by peptide bonds

Front 7

R Group

Back 7

Abbreviation of any group in which carbon or hydrogen atoms are attached

Front 8

What types of bonds hold amino acids together

Back 8

Peptide bonds

Front 9

Four levels of protein structue

Back 9

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary

Front 10

DNA Structure

Back 10

Double Helix; Sugar, Phosphate, and bases, bonded together by hydrogen

Front 11

3 Components of a(n) Nucleotide

Back 11

Deoxyribose (sugar), 1 Phosphate, and one of the four bases (Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine)

Front 12

Four Bases found in DNA

Back 12

Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine

Front 13

Four bases of RNA

Back 13

Thymine is replaced by Uracil. Adenine and guanine are known as purines and cytosine and thymine are known as pyrimidines

Front 14

Sugar in DNA & RNA

Back 14

DNA- Deoxyribose

RNA- Ribose

Front 15

Why are cells so small?

Back 15

Surface area to the volume ratio

Front 16

2 types of microscopes discussed in class

Back 16

Electron And Light Microscope

Front 17

6 types of cell proteins

Back 17

Channel, Transport, Cell Recognition, Receptor, Enzymatic, and Junction

Front 18

Cell Theory

Back 18

Scientific theory which describes the properties of the cell

Front 19

Prokaryotic Cells

Back 19

Lack a membrane-bounded nucleus

Front 20

Eukaryotic Cells

Back 20

Has a nucleus that houses its DNA

Front 21

Three types of Cell Junctions

Back 21

Adherens, Gap, and Tight

Front 22

Plasmodesmata

Back 22

are microscopic channels which traverse the cell walls of plant cells and some algal cells, enabling transport and communication between them.

Front 23

Cell Membrane

Back 23

Semi permeable surrounding the cytoplasm of the cell

Front 24

Ribosomes

Back 24

are ancient molecular machines that are responsible for production of protein in all living cells.

Front 25

Do plant cells have mirochondria

Back 25

Yes both animal and plant cells have a mitochondria

Front 26

Mitochondria function

Back 26

To perform cellular respiration

Front 27

Entropy

Back 27

Relative amount of disorganization

Front 28

Where is energy stored at in ATP

Back 28

Energy phosphate bond joining the terminal phosphate group

Front 29

First Law

Back 29

Conversions of energy- energy cannot be created or destroyed, it can change form

Front 30

Second Law

Back 30

Energy cannot be changed in form without a loss or usable energy (heat is the least usable form)

Front 31

Enzymes

Back 31

A substance produced by a living organism that acts as a catalyst to bring bout a specific biochemical reaction (Protein)

Front 32

Activation Energy

Back 32

Energy needed to cause molecules to react with one another

Front 33

Substrate

Back 33

A substance or layer that underlines something, or on which some process occurs, in particular.

Front 34

Active Site

Back 34

Region of an enzyme where substrate molecules bind and undergo a chemical reaction

Front 35

Induced Fit

Back 35

When an enzyme binds to the appropriate substrate, subtle changes in the active site occur

Front 36

Metabolic Pathway

Back 36

Series of linked reactions

Front 37

What happens when a metabolic pathway is interrupted?

Back 37

Product of a one reaction becomes the reactant or the next selection

Front 38

Diffusion

Back 38

Process by which molecules intermingle as a result of their kinetic energy of random motion

Front 39

Osmosis

Back 39

Diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane

Front 40

Bulk Transport

Back 40

Movement independent of gradients, energy required

Front 41

Active Transport

Back 41

Substances move from lower to higher concentration, energy required

Front 42

Passive Transport

Back 42

Substances move from higher to lower concentration, no energy required

Front 43

How many autosomes are found in the human cell

Back 43

22

Front 44

How many sex chromosomes are found in the human cell

Back 44

pairs of 23

Front 45

Cell Cycle

Back 45

Mitosis and Cytokinesis occur, DNA replication occurs a chromosomes, Growth occurs as cell prepares to divide

Front 46

Steps of interphase

Back 46

G1, S (DNA synthesis), G2

Front 47

What phase are chromosomes visible?

Back 47

Phases of Mitosis

Front 48

Nerve cell; not dividing again

Back 48

G0

Front 49

Stages of Mitosis

Back 49

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase

Front 50

Centromere

Back 50

Part of a chromosome that inks sister chromatids or a dyad

Front 51

Chromosome number during mitosis

Back 51

remains the same, so 46

Front 52

Role of a tumor suppressor gene

Back 52

code for proteins that inhibit the cell cycle and promote apoptosis

Front 53

Role of a protooncogene

Back 53

code for proteins that promote the cell cycle and inhibit apoptosis

Front 54

Cell Plates

Back 54

A plate that develops at the midpoint between the two groups of chromosomes in a dividing cell and that then forms the wall between the two daughter cells

Front 55

Cancer Cell

Back 55

A disease of the cell cycle in which cellular reproduction occurs repeatedly without end

Front 56

Sister Chromatids

Back 56

Refers to either of the two identical copies formed by replication of a single chromosome

Front 57

How are sister chromatids related

Back 57

They are indentical

Front 58

Apoptosis

Back 58

Programmed cell death

Cell fragments engulfed by white blood cells

Normal part of growth and deveopment

Front 59

Alleles

Back 59

Different forms of the same gene

Front 60

Haploid Cells

Back 60

Only contain one complete set of chromosomes most common are gametes - sex cells

Used in sexual reproduction

Front 61

Diploid Cells

Back 61

Two cells of chromosomes

Every cell other than sex uses mitosis somatic (Non-sex)

Front 62

Anaphase of meiosis 1 vs meiosis 2

Back 62

1- Homoogous separate, and dynads move to poles

2 - Sister chromatids separate, becoming daughter chromosomes that move to poles

Front 63

When does crossing over occur

Back 63

When a tetrad forms during synaphis, the nonsister chromosomes exchange genetic materials crossing over

Front 64

Accomplished by Meiosis

Back 64

1.) Reducing chromosome #

2.) Shuffling chromosomes and genes to produce genetically different gametes, called sperm and eggs