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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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when can we identify cause & effect in independent group designs?
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if and only if the appropriate study has been conducted
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What is the goal of an independent groups design?
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show that IV is cause of DV
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When is the independent groups design a true experiment?
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When the IV is under the researcher's control
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What is a quasi-experimental design?
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One in which the IV is "chosen" by the participants. Formed from comparisons. Lack of random assignment.
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Step 1 in conducting an experiment
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formulate a hypothesis
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Step 2 in conducting an experiment
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operationalize: select appropriate IV and DV
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Step 3 in conducting an experiment
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limit alternative explanations for variation (reduce variability; narrow it down)
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Step 4 in conducting an experiment
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Manipulate IVs and measure DVs (carry out experiment; collect data)
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Step 5 in conducting an experiment
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Analyze variation in DVs; choose appropriate statistical technique
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Step 6 in conducting an experiment
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Draw inferences; Use inferential statistics to make statements about populations based on sample findings.
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Advantages of controlled laboratory experiments
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Better control over IV
Better control over extraneous variables More precise measures of DV (leads to Improved internal validity) |
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Disadvantages of controlled laboratory experiments
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Some phenomena can’t be studied in the lab
Ethical problems Practical disadvantages (costly, time consuming); may lack external validity |
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Advantages of field experiments
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improved external validity (generalizability)
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disadvantage of field experiments
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may lack internal validity (which is the ability to eliminate confounding variables; are we testing what we intend to test?)
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one ****important**** assumption in experimental design
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initial equivalence of groups
also: can't eliminate participants during study: must declare what to eliminate ahead of time |
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independent groups design, aka:
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between-participants design
Randomly and independently assigned to each level of the I.V. |
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the simplest form of completely randomized experimental design
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participants are randomly assigned to different levels (two or more) of one IV.
A two group design where participants are randomly assigned and independently assigned to either an experimental group or a control group (i.e.. IV has two levels). |
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Randomized factorial designs have ___________________ IV
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more than one
participants are still randomly assigned |
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randomized factorial designs allow us to assess
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the effects of more than one IV on the DV (i.e. main effects)
the interaction between IVs (i.e. interaction effect) |
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The complexity of a factorial design ______________ with the number of levels of each variable and the number of IVs.
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increases
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within groups design
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tests a group against itself
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example of a 2 x 3 randomized factorial design
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testing the effects of incandescent vs. fluorescent lights on the ability to read 3 different fonts.
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