Experimental Design Questions

Front 1

three basic varieties of one-way designs

Back 1

randomized groups design
matched-subjects design
repeated measure design

Front 2

why do researchers use pretest-posttest designs

Back 2

offer three advantages
first by obtaining pretest scores on the dependent variable.
2nd researchers can see exactly how much the independent variable changed participants' behavior.
More powerful, they are likely to detect the effects of the independent variable on the dependent variable.

Front 3

why are pretest-posttest designs more likely than a posttest-only to detect the effects of the independent variable on the dependent variable?

Back 3

variability in participants' pretest scores can be removed from the analyses before examining the effects of the independent variable.

Front 4

pretest-posttest one way design's randomized group design

Back 4

initial sample
dependent variable measured (pretest)
randomly assigned to one of two or more groups.
independent variable manipulated
dependent variable measured (posttest design)

Front 5

posttest-only one way design's randomized groups design

Back 5

initial sample
randomly assigned to one of two or more groups
independent variable manipulated
dependent variable measured.

Front 6

posttest-only one way design's matched-subjects design

Back 6

initial sample
matched into blocks on the basis of relevant attribute
subjects in each block randomly assigned to one of two or more groups
independent variable manipulated
dependent variable measured.

Front 7

posttest-only one way design's repeated measures design

Back 7

initial sample
receives one level of the independent variable
dependent variable measured
receives another level of the independent variable
dependent variable measured.

Front 8

pretest-posttest one way design's matched-subjects design

Back 8

initial sample
dependent variable measured
matched into blocks on the basis of relevant attribute
subjects in each block randomly assigned to one of two or more groups
independent variable manipulated
dependent variable measured

Front 9

pretest-posttest one way design's repeated measures

Back 9

initial sample
dependent variable measured
receives one level of the independent variable
dependent variable measured
receives another level of the independent variable
dependent variable measured.

Front 10

what is the Purpose of research design

Back 10

control for unwanted variation
suggests how data will be statistically analyzed

Front 11

what does one way design refer to?

Back 11

the number of independent variables. One independent variable can have several “levels” or groups.

Front 12

how are pretest-posttest design helpful?

Back 12

all of the information needed to determine whether the independent variable has an effect on the dependent variable.

Front 13

The purpose of using factorial designs is to:

Back 13

To compare means of more than 2 IV’s

Front 14

in a two group experimental design, what receives the independent variable?

Back 14

treatment variable

Front 15

what are some examples of two group experimental design

Back 15

Drug vs no drug
Therapy vs no therapy
Drug vs placebo
Supplemental instruction vs no supplemental instruction

Front 16

why aren't post-test design useful?

Back 16

no pretest or control group
almost all threats to internal validity apply
is useful only when specific background information exists on the dependent variable

Front 17

advantages of pretest-posttest design

Back 17

Can determine that the experimental conditions did not differ on the dependent variable at the beginning of the experiment

Can see how much the independent variable changed behavior from pretest to posttest

More powerful than posttest-only designs in detecting effects of the independent variable

Front 18

what are more advantages of a pretest-posttest design

Back 18

determine if ceiling effect has occurred
allows use of analysis of covariance to statistically control for pretest differences
allows researcher to assess the change in dependent variable from pretest to posttest

Front 19

what are independent variables refer to?

Back 19

factors

Front 20

3 types of factorial designs

Back 20

Between Subjects
Within Subjects
Mixed Subjects

Front 21

what special terms researchers use to describe the size and structure of factorial designs?

Back 21

Factorial Nomenclature

Front 22

how many independent variables in a 2x2 factorial

Back 22

two with two levels

Front 23

how many independent variables in a 3x3 factorial

Back 23

two with three levels

Front 24

how many independent variables in a 2 x 2 x 4 factorial

Back 24

three IV, two with two levels, and one with four levels.

Front 25

advantages of between subjects design

Back 25

Attrition
Little Fatigue
Multiple Dependent Variables

Front 26

disadvantages of between subjects design

Back 26

large number of participants
unequal group size
more statistical variance

Front 27

advantages of matched subject designs

Back 27

All of the advantages of a within design without the disadvantages

Participants are not required to complete all levels of the independent variable

Front 28

disadvantages of matched subject designs

Back 28

Time consuming

can be difficult

Front 29

advantages of within subjects designs

Back 29

Fewer Participants
Only need one group of participants for the study

Equal Group Sizes
Same participants for all levels of the independent variable

More likely to have groups that have the same sample size

Less Statistical Variance

Front 30

Disadvantages of within subjects designs

Back 30

fatigue
attrition
carryover, order, practice effects

Front 31

how to minimize disadvantages of repeated measure designs

Back 31

counterbalancing
used to minimize carryover or order effects

Front 32

example of interaction

Back 32

For example, if the effect of variable A is different under one level of variable B than it is under another level of variable B, an interaction is present.

Front 33

what does three-way designs examine

Back 33

the main effects of three independent variables

three two-way interactions – the A X B interaction (ignoring C), the A X C interaction (ignoring B), the B X C interaction (ignoring A).

The three-way interaction of A X B X C

Front 34

what are the advantages of using factorial designs

Back 34

more than one independent variable allows for more precise hypotheses
control of extraneous variables by including as an independent variable
ability to determine the interactive effect of two or more independent variables

Front 35

In a factorial design, a main effect is the effect of the _____ variable by itself.

Back 35

independent

Front 36

Which statement is true of a factorial design?

Back 36

All levels of each independent variable are combined with all levels of the other independent variable.

Front 37

Disadvantages of factorial designs

Back 37

using more than two independent variables may be logistically cumbersome
higher-order interactions are difficult to interpret

Front 38

what are uses of Expericorr Designs

Back 38

Determine whether effects of the independent variable generalize only to participants with particular characteristics
Examine how personal characteristics relate to behavior under different experimental conditions
Reduce error variance by accounting for individual differences among participants

Front 39

If the manipulated independent variable affects the dependent variable, we can conclude that the _______ caused this effect.

Back 39

independent variable

Front 40

If a participant variable is involved in an interaction, we say that it _______ participants’ reactions to the independent variable.

Back 40

moderates

Front 41

what is often a non-manipulated IV

Back 41

subject variable (gender, SES)

Front 42

Subject variables give rise to non-equivalent groups and as such are considered

Back 42

quasi-experimental designs