• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/75

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

75 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Pt has disorder of collagen synthesis & blue sclera
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
"brittle bones"
Increased bone density
Osteopetrosis
Defective cartilage synthesis
decreased epiphyseal formation
short limbs with normal size head and trunk
Achondroplasia
Osteoporosis
Ca level? P level? alk. phosphatase?
All normal
Causes of osteoporosis
-decreased bone mass
-E deficiency
-immobilization
-Cushing's syndrome
Osteomalacia
Ca level? P level? alk. phosphatase?
Low Ca, Low P
High alk phosphatase
Causes of osteomalacia
-impaired mineralization
-lack Vit D
-chronic renal insufficiency
Paget's disease of bone
Ca level? P level? alk. phosphatase?
Very high alk phosphatase
Cause of Paget's disease of bone
excessive bone resorption with replacement
What kind of cartilage?
-joints
-developing bone
-trachea/larynx
-nose
Hyaline cartilage

(type II collagen)
What type of cartilage?
-Ear
Elastic cartilage

(elastin)
What type of cartilage?
-IV discs
-menisci
Fibrocartilage

(type I collagen)
What type of benign cartilage tumor may develop into chondrosarcoma?
Enchondroma
Key features of chondrosarcoma
-malignant
-spine, pelvic bone
-slower growing than osteosarcoma
What are the benign bone tumors?
-osteoma (skull)
-osteoid osteoma (painful, tibia or femur)
-osteoblastoma (larger, painless -->malignant)
What are the malignant bone tumors?
Osteosarcoma
-highly malignant
-metaphysis of long bone (knee)
-Codman's triangle

Ewing's sarcoma
-very aggressive
-young males
-pelvis, long bones
-w/i marrow cavity
-"onion skin" appearance
Which muscle dystrophy has absent dystrophin protein?
Duchenne's muscle dystrophy
(most severe, pelvic girdle weakness)

-boys 3-7 yo onset
-proximal m. weakness --> waddling gait
-pseudohypertrophy calf m (fatty & fibrous)
-increased CPK
What is the inheritance pattern of
-Limb girdle m. dystrophy
-Facioscapulohumeral m. dystrophy
-Myotonic m. dystrophy
- AR: late onset
- AD: late onset
- AD: late onset, distal m. involved, inability to voluntarily relax m.
What is Gower's sign?
child uses hands to "climb up" his/her own body
Most common supratentorial tumor in children
Craniopharyngioma

-compresses optic n.
Neural tube tumor which is always fatal
Glioblastoma
M > F
Most common degenerative disease of the CNS
Alzeheimer's

-diffuse cortical atrophy
-senile plaques
-neurofibrillary tangles
-bradykinesia, rigidity, resting tremor
-dopamine depletion
-Lewy bodies (substantia nigra)
Parkinson's disease
-rapidly progressive
-degeneration of corticospinal tract (UMN)
-degeneration of alpha-motoneuron (LMN)
ALS
Difference in UMN & LMN lesion
- UMN: spasticity, increased DTRs

- LMN: paralysis, fasciculation, absent DTRs
Devic's disease
-like MS
-limited to SC and optic n.
Features of Guillian-Barre
-peripheral n. (motor)
-autoimmune
(often following viral infection)
Features of Multiple Sclerosis
-onset 20-40 yo
-a/w cool, temperate climates
-oligoclonal bands (multiple monoclonal gamma globulins)
Characteristics of Conn adenoma of the adrenal cortex
-increased mineralocorticoids
-hypernatremia --> hypervolemia --> HTN
-K loss --> m. weakness
2 thyroid diseases that you see hyperplasia & hypertrophy? Differences?
- Plummer's hyperthyroidism (nodular toxic goiter)

- Diffuse simple goiter hypothyroidism (iodine deficiency)
Key feature of thyroid medullary CA
-malignant
-parafollicular (C cells)
____ is more common than follicular CA
Follicular is ____ than ____ CA
Papillary CA
more aggressive, papillary CA
Secondary causes of hyperparathyroidism
-chronic renal failure
-Vit D deficiency
Most common cause of hyperparathyroidism
adenoma (primary)
Most common cause of hypoparathyroidism
thyriodectomy

(DiGeorge's, PTH low, Ca low)
Pseudohypoparathyroidism
-PTH elevated
-Ca low
Pseudopseudohypoparathyriodism
PTH normal
Ca normal
Renal osteodystrophy
chronic RF --> decrease P excretion --> P binds ionized Ca --> hypocalcemia --> increases PTH --> bone demineralization

Tx - Aluminum binds P
What is MEN
Multiple endocrine neoplasia

loss of tumor suppressor gene
- adrenal cortex
-pituitary
-parathyroid
-pancreas (gastrinoma)
MEN Type 1

seen with peptic ulcers
-adrenal medulla
-thyroid medulla
-parathyroid
MEN Type 2A

a/w pheochromocytoma
-adrenal medulla
-thyroid medulla
-mucosal neuromas
-marfaniod features
MEN Type 2B
Premalignant benign skin tumor
actinic keratosis
pearly, gray papule on skin
Basal cell carcinoma
-erythematous, scaly/oozing ulcer on skin
Squamous cell carcinoma

Bowen's disease - squamous cell CA in situ
-brown, black, red, white, purple, irregular borders on skin
Melanoma

lentigo maligna - horizontal
nodular melanoma - vertical
"ABCs" of melanoma
Asymmetrical
Borders irregular
Color variation
Diameter increasing
Auto antibody against intracellular junctions of keratinocytes
Pemphigus
Honey colored crust on superficial skin
Impetigo

caused by Staph or beta hemolytic Strep
Does a cavernous hemangioma resolve spontaneously?
NO - "port-wine" stain

a/w Sturge-Weber
Toxin that causes "honeycomb" pneumonitis
Cadmium
Toxin that causes cardiomyopathy
Cobalt
Toxin that causes lung CA
Chromium
Arsenic
Toxin that inhibits heme synthesis and causes renal tubular necrosis
Lead
Toxin that is neurotoxic ("Minamata disease") and proximal tubular necrosis
Mercury
Toxin that cause bladder CA
Aromatic amines
Toxin that causes mesothelioma
Asbestos
Toxin that causes leukemia
Benzene
Toxin that causes liver angiosarcoma
Vinyl Chloride
Toxin that causes fulminant hepatitis
alpha - amanitin
Toxin that forms carboxyhemoglobin
CO
Toxin that inhibits mitochondrial cytochromes --> loss of O2 utilization
Cyanide
What does Gram + bacteria have? Color?
Rich peptidoglycan
Purple
What does Gram - bacterial have? Color?
Poor in peptidoglycan
Red
What does it stain for - Ziehl Neelsen?
Acid fast stain red
What does it stain for - india ink?
Cryptococcus
What does it stain for - Giemsa?
blood smears
What does it stain for - PAS?
glycogen, mucopolysaccharides
What does it stain for - prussian blue?
Iron
What does it stain for - congo red?
Amyloid
Normal flora found on skin
Potential pathogens
-Staph. epidermidis
-Staph. aureus
Normal flora found in nasopharynx
Potential pathogens
-Strep. viridans, anaerobes
-Strep pneumonia, N. meningitides, H. influenza
Normal flora found in the mouth
Potential pathogens
-Strep. viridans
-Candida albicans
Normal flora found in colon
Potential pathogens
-E. coli
-Bacteroides fragilis, enterococci
Normal flora found in vagina
Potential pathogens
-Lactobacillus, Streptococci
-Candida albicans