Ap U.s. History Exam Review

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Puritan Motive

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The Puritans believed in religious tolerance, only among those of the protestant denomination. They wanted to leave England so they would no longer be condemned by the "corrupt" church of England.

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Motive of those settling Virginia

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It was Funded by the London company and was lef by John Smith. The settlers were looking for money and religious freedom.

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1st Great Awakening

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It was a series of religious revivals among Protestants in the American colonies which led to the division of old congregations and the forming of new ones. (Return to traditional Puritan values. Leaders included Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield.)

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Deism

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The Enlightened belief that God existed and had created the world, but that afterwards He left it to run by its own natural laws. It denied that God communicated to man or in any way influenced his life.

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Albany Congress (1754)

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An intercolonial congress summoned by Benjamin Franklin to provide an INTERCOLONIAL GOVT and system for COLLECTING TAXES for colonies' defense; keep Iroqois loyal to British; defense from France; "Join or Die" campaign; rejected by colonists- did not want to relinquish control of their right to tax themselves, nor unite together

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Legal Rights of Women During the Colonial Era

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Married women could not enter into contracts, own property, vote or control any monies; a single woman was under the control of her father or eldest male relative until she was of age when she would be granted limited legal rights including the right to engage in business or work and retain control of any monies and property owned

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Stamp Act/ Stamp Congress

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A meeting of delegations from many of the colonies, the congress was formed to protest the newly passed Stamp Act (tax on all paper items).
It adopted a declaration of rights as well as sent letters of complaints to the king and parliament, and it showed signs of colonial unity and organized resistance

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Slavery in Pre-Independence times

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Prior to independence, slavery existed in all the American colonies and therefore was not an issue of sectional debate

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Indentured Servants

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Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years

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Proclamation of 1763

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A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains

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Articles of Confederation

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(First "Constitution" of the colonies) The document was limited because states held most of the power, and congress lacked the power to tax, regulate trade, or control coinage

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Bill of Rights

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The 1st 10 Amendments to Constitution, protecting individual liberties, and giving states the powers not directly given to the feds. (1791, fundamental rights and privileges)

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Attitude of Founding Fathers Towards Political Parties

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They despised the idea of political associations, formed in such a way as to pit one group of citizens against another

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Hamilton's Economic Plans

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Gov pay for debts by wealthy buying bonds to pay for debt. Hamilton wanted national bank. But, due to a bunch of anti-feds owning private banks, it wasmet with much opposition

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Shay's Rebellion

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This conflict in Massachusetts caused many to criticize the Articles of Confederation and admit the weak central government was not working; uprising led by Daniel Shays in an effort to prevent courts from foreclosing on the farms of those who could not pay the taxes

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XYZ Affair

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An insult to the American delegation when they were supposed to be meeting French foreign minister, Talleyrand, but instead they were sent 3 officials Adams called "X,Y, and Z" that demanded $250,000 as a bribe to see Talleyrand.

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Marbury v. Madison

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It established concept of judicial review and it was the first time supreme court declared something 'unconstitutional'

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Louisiana Purchase

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The U.S., under Jefferson, bought the Louisiana territory from France, under the rule of Napoleon, in 1803. The U.S. paid $15 million for the Louisiana Purchase, and Napoleon gave up his empire in North America. The U.S. gained control of Mississippi trade route and doubled its size

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Hartford Convention

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Meeting by Federalists dissatisfied with the war to draft a new Constitution; resulted in seemingly traitorous Federalist party's collapse

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Eli Whitney

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United States inventor of the mechanical cotton gin and interchangeable parts to rifle

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Henry Clay's "American System"

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A plan for economic growth: establish a protective tariff, establish a national bank, and improve the country's transporation system

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Monroe Doctrine

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It was an American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers, and said no one could colonize in South America.

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Andrew Jackson

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(Indian Removal, Veto Congress, Nullification, BUS, and Westward Expansion)
The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.

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Trail of Tears

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The Brutal forced removal of Cherokees and their tragic journey to Oklahoma.

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John C. Calhoun (Nullification, Tariff of Abominations)

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The protective tariff passed by the Congress of the United States on May 19, 1828, designed to protect industry in the northern United States, caused uproar in south which led to the nullification crisis

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Transcendentalists

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Followers of a belief which stressed self-reliance, self- culture, self-discipline, and that knowledge transcends instead of coming by reason. They promoted the belief of individualism and caused an array of humanitarian reforms.

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Ralph Waldo Emerson

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American transcendentalist author who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom.

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William Lloyd Garrison, "The Liberator"

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A Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.

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Harriet Tubman- Underground Railroad

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A United States abolitionist who was born a slave on a plantation in Maryland and became a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the North

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Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857)

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1857 Supreme Court case
Ruled:
slave is not a citizen
slave is property
Missouri Compromise is dead

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Popular Sovereignty

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The sovereign people of a territory held the right to determine the status of slavery in that territory.

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Kansas-Nebraska Act

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This act sliced the territory of Nebraska into two territories, each which would use popular sovereignty to determine their slavery status. It repealed the Missouri Compromise.

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Douglass' Freeport Doctrine

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In a response to Lincoln’s speech, the Freeport Doctrine stated that slavery would stay down if the people voted it down

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Primary Cause of the Civil War

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The status of slavery caused the Civil War, as well as states’ rights.

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Emancipation Proclamation (1863)

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Lincoln declared all slaves in the still rebellious Confederate states free. However, the proclamation was not immediately effective.

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Radical Reconstruction

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Following the Civil War, Republicans attempted to rebuild America with new rights for blacks as well as pass legislation for reform in public schools, tax systems, public works, and property rights.

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Compromise of 1877

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This compromise withdrew federal soldiers from the South, enacted legislation that would incite industrialization in the South, appointed Democrats to patronage positions in the south, and appointed a Democrat to the president's cabinet.

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Knights of Labor

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This labor organization sought to include all workers in a union, including women, blacks, and unskilled workers. They campaigned for economic and social reform.

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Dawes Act of 1887

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This act dissolved many Native American tribes, wiped out tribal ownership of land, and granted family heads 160 free acres. If the Indians behaved like white settlers, they would receive citizenship and title to their holdings.

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Social Gospel

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Socialists in the early 1900s promoted progressivism based on Christian teachings, demanding better housing and living conditions for the poor as well as women’s suffrage.

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Populists

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This political party of farmers called for the unlimited coinage of silver; nationalizing the railroads, telephones, and telegraph; a graduated income tax; and government loans to farmers.

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Yellow Press

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This type of journalism exploited, distorted, or exaggerated events in order to persuade readers.

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"New Immigration"

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New immigrants from southern and eastern Europe frightened Americans due to their different cultures, faiths, and poverty. They were typically discriminated against.

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Open Door Policy

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Hay urged European powers that in their spheres of influence, they should respect certain Chinese rights and fair competition.

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Du Bois and Booker T. Washington

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Washington and Du Bois both fought for black rights. Washington believed educating blacks would help them achieve civil rights, while Du Bois believed the “talented tenth” of blacks should be given access to the mainstream of American life.

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Muckrakers

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These early 1900s publishers exposed the evils of America in their magazines.

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Germany's unrestricted submarine warfare

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Infamously sunk the Lusitania - a main reason for US joining WWI, germany attacked unarmed american passenger ships over and over again without warning

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Wilson's 14-points

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These were Wilson’s goals for WWI, including the abolishment of secret treaties, freedom of the seas, the removal of economic barriers, reductions of arms burdens, an adjustment of colonial claims, and the establishment of the League of Nations.

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Bonus Army (1932)

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20,000 impoverished veterans camped on Washington in an attempt to secure their war bonus promised by the government, resulting in the payment of some and riots.

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100 Day Congress, New Deal

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Under FDR, congress passed programs surrounding the New Deal, which consisted of relief, recovery, and reform.

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Civilian Conservation Corps

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This part of the New Deal provided 3 million young men with employment in government camps. Their work included reforestation, fire fighting, flood control, and swamp drainage.

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Cuban Missile Crisis

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In 1962, Soviets began placing nuclear missiles in Cuba in order to blackmail the U.S. Kennedy responded with a naval quarantine of Cuba and threatened to retaliate should Cuba attack. Khrushchev later agreed to remove the missiles if the U.S. ended the quarantine and did not invade Cuba.

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Brown v. Board of Education

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This court decision ruled that the segregation of schools was unconstitutional and reversed the court’s decision in Plessy v. Ferguson.

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Sputnik (1957)

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Soviets launched a satellite into space, demonstrating communist power and shattering American confidence. It resulted in reform of the U.S. education system and the development of American space programs.

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Sit-ins (1960: Greensboro, NC)

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Students in Greensboro demanded service at a white lunch counter, refusing to leave. Thousands of blacks joined the movement across the South in an attempt to gain civil rights.

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Civil Rights Acts (1960, 1964)

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The Civil Rights Act of 1960 established federal inspection of voter registration polls, while the Civil Rights Act of 1964 abolished the poll tax in federal elections. These encouraged black voting.

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Malcolm X

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Inspired by the teachings of Islam, this black civil rights leader advocated black separatism.

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Gulf of Tonkin Incident and Resolution

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The U.S. Navy secretly cooperated with South Vietnam in raiding the North Vietnam coast, so the North fired upon two American destroyers. LBJ ordered a limited retaliatory air raid on the North. Congress basically gave up their war declaring powers and allowed LBJ to use further force in Southeast Asia.

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Watergate

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Five men were arrested for bugging the Democratic headquarters in the election of 1972, nearly resulting in Nixon’s impeachment.

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Tet Offensive (1968)

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The Viet Cong unexpectedly attacked 27 South Vietnam cities, demonstrating that victory couldn’t be gained with LBJ’s strategy of gradual escalation. The American public demanded an end to the Vietnam War.

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Camp David Accords

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Peace talks between Israel and Egypt mediated by Pres. Carter. The first signed agreement between Israel and an Arab country, in which Egyptian president Anwar Sadat recognized Israel as a legitimate state and Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin agreed to return the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt.