Ap Us History- Industrialization

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Andrew Carnegie

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Scottish-born industrialist who developed the US steel industry; his is a rags-to-riches story as he made a fortune in business and sold his holdings in 1901 for $447million. He spent the rest of his life giving away $350million to worthy cultural and educational causes

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Bloody Shirt

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Republican campaign tactic that blamed the Democrats for the Civil War; it was used successfully in campaigns from 1868 to 1876 to keep Democrats out of public office, especially for presidency

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Coxey's Army (1894)

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unemployed workers led by Jacob Coxey who marched to Washington demanding a govt road-building program and currency inflation for the needy; Coxey was arrested for stepping on grass at the Capitol and the movement collapsed

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Credit Mobilier

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a major scandal in Grant's second terms a construction company, aided by members of Congress, bilked the govt out of $20-40million in building the transcontinental railroad. Members of Congress were bribed to cover up the overcharges

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Dawes General Allotment Act (1887)

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abolished communal ownership on Indian reservations; each family head got 160 acres of reservation land; 80 acres for a single person; 40 acres for each dependent child. More than 2/3 of Indians' remaining lands were lost due to this law

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Eugene V. Debs

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Labor leader arrested during the Pullman Strike (1894);a convert to socialism, Debs ran for pres. five times b/w 1900 and 1920. In 1920, he campaigned from prison where was being held for opposition to American involvement in World War I.

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"Free silver"

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political movement to inflate currency by govt issuance of $16 of silver for every $1 of gold in circulation; it was supported by farmers, who sought to counter declining crop prices and increase the money supply. IT became a symbol for liberating poor farmers from the grasp of wealthy easterners

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"Grandfather clase"

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laws in southern states that exempted voters from taking literacy tests or paying tpoll taxs if their grandfathers had voted as of Jan 1, 1867; it effectively gave white southerners the vote and disenfranchised African Americans

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Granger Movement (National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry) (1867)

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a farmers' organization and movement that started as a social/educational association; the Grange later organized politically to pass a series of laws to regulate railroads in various states

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Grover Cleveland

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only Democrat elected to presidency from 1856-1912; he served 2 non-consecutive terms; elected in 1884, losing in 1888, and winning again in 1892. His 2nd term was marred by the Depression of 1893

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Haymarket Riot (1886)

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violent incident at a workers' rally held in Chicago's Haymarket Square; political radicals and labor leaders called the rally to support a strike at the nearby McCormick Reaper works. When police tried to break it up, a bomb was throne into their midst, killing 8 and wounding 67 others. The incident hurt the Knights of Labor and Governor John Altgeld, who pardoned some of the anarchist suspects.

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Homestead Act (1862)

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encouraged westward settlement by allowing heads of families to buy 160 acres of land for a small fee ($10-30); settlers were required to developed and remain on the land for 5 years. Over 400,000 families got land through this law.

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James B. Weaver

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former Civil War general who ran for president with the Greenback PArty (1880) and the Populist Party (1892)

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Jim Crowe Laws

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series of laws passed in southern states in the 1880s and 1890s that segregated the races in many facets of life, including public conveyances, waiting areas, bathroom, and theaters; it legalized segregation and was upheld as constitutional by Plessy v. Ferguson

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John D. Rockefeller

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founder of Standard Oil Company; at one time his companies controlled 85-90% of refined oil in America. Standard Oil became the model for monopolizing an industry and creating a trust.

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Knights of Labor

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labor union founded in 1869 and built by Terence V. Powderly; the Knights called for one big union, replacement of the wage system with producers' cooperatives, and discouraged use of strikes. Bu 1886,they claimed membership of 700,00. Membership declined after the union's association with he Haymarket Riot of 1886.

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"New immigration"

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wave of immigration from the 1880s until the early twentieth century; millions came from southern and eatern Europe, who were poor, uneducated, Jewish, and Catholic. They settled in large cities and prompted a nativist backlash and, eventually, restrictions on immigration in the 1920s. These immigrants provide the labor force that allowed the rapid growth of American industry in the late 1800s and early 1900s.

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Pendleton Act (1883)

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reform passed by Congress that restricted the spoils system; passed in part in reaction to assassination of Pres. Garfield by a disappointed office seeker in 1881, it established the U.S. Civil Service Commission to administer a merit system for hiring in govt jobs.

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Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

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Supreme Court case about Jim Crow railroad cars in Louisiana; the Court decided by 7 to 1 that legislation could not overcome racial attitudes, and that it was constitutional to have "separate but equal" facilities for blacks and whites.

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Populist Party (1892)

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a largely farmer's party aiming to inflate currency and to prove govt action against railroads and trusts; it also called for a graduated income tax and immigration restrictions. Its platform was never enacted in the 1890s, but it became the basis of some Progressive reforms in the early 20th century. aka the People's Party

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Samuel Gompers

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labor leader and president of American Federation of Labor (AFL), founded in 1886; believed that craft unionism would gain skilled workers better wages and working conditions. He emphasized support for capitalism and opposition to socialism.

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Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890)

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first federal action against monopolies; the law gave govt power to regulate combinations "in restraint of trade." Until the early 1900s, however, this power was used more often against labor unions that against trusts.

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Social Darwinism

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the application of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution to the business world; William Graham Sumner, a Yale prof, promoted these ideas and lobbied against any govt regulation in society. Industrialists and social conservatives used these arguments to justify ruthless business tactics and widespread poverty among the working class.

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Stalwarts

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Republicans in the 1870s who supported Ulysses S. Grant and Roscoe Conkling; they accepted machine politics and the spoils system and were challenged by the other Republicans called Half-Breeds, who supported civil service reform

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Transcontinental railroad

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linked the nation from coast to coast in 1869; the Union Pacific Railroad build west from Omaha and the Central Pacific started east from Sacramento. The federal govt supported construction w/ over $75million in grants, loans, and cash.

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Tweed Ring

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scandal in New York City (1868-1871); William Marcy Tweed headed a corrupt Democratic political machine (Tammany Hall) that looted $100-200 million from the city. Crusading journalists and others pointed to this org and its activities as another example of the need for social and political reform.

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William Jennings Bran

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a spokesman for agrarian western values, 1896-1925, and three-time Democratic presidential candidate (1896, 1900, 1908); in 1896 his "Cross of Gold" speech and a free-silver platform gained support from Democrats and Populists, but he lost the election

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William McKinley

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Republican president, 1897-1901, who represented the conservative Eastern establishment; he stood for expansion, high tariffs, and the gold standard. He led the nation during the Spanish-American War (1898) and was assassinated in 1901 by a radical political anarchist