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181 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Jamestown
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The first successful English colony. Founded in 1607
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2. John Smith
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Helped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter.
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3. John Rolfe
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3. John Rolfe
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4. Virginia House of Burgesses
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1619 – the first legislative body in colonial America. Later other colonies would adopt the same system.
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5. Mayflower Compact
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1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.
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6. William Bradford
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A Pilgrim, the governor of the Plymouth colony, 1621-1657. He helped the colony survive droughts, crop failures, and Indian attacks.
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7. Plymouth Plantation
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Colony of Separatist Puritans. Established in 1620.
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8. Massachusetts Bay Colony
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1629 - King Charles gave the Puritans a right to settle and govern this area. The Puritans established political freedom and a representative government.
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Anglicanism
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The national religion of England, founded by King Henry VIII. It included both Roman Catholic and Protestant ideas.
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10. Proprietary Colony
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Colonies run by powerful English politicians, who profited from colonial business, and kicked back money to the Crown.
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11. Restoration Colonies
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Beginning in 1660 there was a wave of new English colonies formed mainly out of territory taken from rival European nations like the Dutch.
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12. Halfway Covenant
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This compromise applied to those members of the Puritan colonies who were the children of church members, but who hadn’t achieved grace themselves. The covenant allowed them to participate in some church affairs.
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13. Joint Stock Company
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A business venture made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company’s profits and debts.
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14. Headright System
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These were parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists.
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15. Bacon’s Rebellion
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1676 - A protest against the government of Virginia, in particular Governor Berkley, for not allowing a full-fledged war on the Native Americans. These frontiersmen first defeated the Indians and then burned Jamestown.
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16. King Philip’s War
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1675 - A series of battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the Wompanowogs. The colonists won with the help of the Mohawks, and this victory opened up additional Indian lands for expansion.
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17. Thomas Hooker
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Clergyman, one of the founders of Hartford. Called "the father of American democracy" because he said that people have a right to choose their law enforcers.
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18. James Oglethorpe
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Founder and governor of the Georgia colony. He ran a tightly-disciplined, military- like colony. Slaves, alcohol, and Catholicism were forbidden in his colony.
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19. William Penn
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1681- This man received a land grant from King Charles II, and used it to form a colony that would provide a haven for Quakers. His colony allowed religious freedom.
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20. Sir Edmund Andros
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Governor of the Dominion of New England from 1686 until 1692, when the colonists rebelled and forced him to return to England.
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21. Benjamin Franklin
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Printer, author, inventor, diplomat, statesman, and Founding Father. One of the few Americans who was highly respected in Europe, primarily due to his discoveries in the field of electricity.
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22. Indentured servants
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In exchange for paying for a passage to the American colonies, this person would serve for a set length of time (usually seven years) and then would be free.
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23. Mercantilism
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The economic policy of Europe in the 1500s through 1700s. The government exercised control over industry and trade with the idea that national strength and economic security comes from exporting more than is imported.
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24. Navigation Acts
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Trade regulations established in mid-1600s by Britain for the American colonies designed to protect British shipping from competition.
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25. The Great Awakening
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(1739-1744) This was a sudden outbreak of religious fervor that swept through the colonies. One of the first events to unify the colonies.
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26. George Whitefield
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A spiritual celebrity of the Great Awakening, this man drew crowds of up to 20,000 to hear his sermons. Also a leader of the "New Lights."
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27. Old Lights
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Orthodox clergymen who were skeptical of the emotionalism and theatrical antics of Great Awakening preachers.
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28. The Enlightenment
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A philosophical movement which started in Europe in the 1700's and spread to the colonies. It emphasized reason and the scientific method. Writers of the this movement tended to focus on government, ethics, and science, rather than on imagination, emotions, or religion.
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29. Deism
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The religion of the Enlightenment (1700s). Followers believed that God existed and had created the world, but that afterwards He left it to run by its own natural laws. Denied that God communicated to man or in any way influenced his life.
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30. John Locke
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An English political philosopher whose ideas inspired the American Revolution. He wrote that all human beings have a right to life, liberty, and property, and that governments exist to protect those rights.
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31. French and Indian War
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(1756-1763) Part of the Seven Years’ War in Europe. Britain and France fought for control of the Ohio Valley and Canada. Britain eventually won, and gained control of all of the remaining French possessions in Canada.
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32. The Albany Congress
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During the French and Indian War, Franklin wrote this proposal for a unified colonial government, which would operate under the authority of the British government.
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33. Proclamation of 1763
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This law from the British government forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains, and required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.
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34. Stamp Act of 1765
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British legislation passed which required that all legal or official documents used in the colonies, such as wills, deeds and contracts, had to be written on special, taxed British paper.
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35. Sons of Liberty
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A radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act. Leaders included Samuel Adams and Paul Revere.
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36. Coercive Acts
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Otherwise known as the Intolerable Acts, these were passed in 1774 in response to the Boston Tea Party. They included the Boston Port Act and the Quartering Act along with others.
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37. Olive Branch Petition
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On July 8, 1775, the colonies made a final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if it addressed their grievances.
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38. “Common Sense”
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Published on January 1, 1776, this document encouraged the colonies to seek independence. It spoke out against the unfair treatment of the colonies by the British government and was instrumental in turning public opinion in favor of the Revolution.
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39. Second Continental Congress
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It met in 1776 and drafted and signed the Declaration of Independence, which justified the Revolutionary War and declared that the colonies should be independent of Britain.
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40. Treaty of Paris of 1783
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This treaty ended the Revolutionary War, recognized the independence of the American colonies, and granted the colonies the territory from the southern border of Canada to the northern border of Florida, and from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River.
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41. The Northwest Ordinance
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Set up the framework of a government for the unorganized territory in the 1780s. This provided that the Territory would be divided into 3 to 5 states, outlawed slavery in the Territory, and set 60,000 as the minimum population for statehood.
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42. Shay’s Rebellion
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(1786-87) Poor, indebted landowners in Massachusetts rebelled against the state gov’t to avoid paying taxes. The federal government was too weak to help, a sign that the Articles of Confederation weren’t working effectively.
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43. The Constitution
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The document which established the present federal government of the United States and outlined its powers. It can be changed through amendments.
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44. James Madison
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His proposals for an effective government became the Virginia Plan, which was the basis for the Constitution. He was responsible for drafting most of the language of the Constitution.
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45. Antifederalists
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They opposed the ratification of the Constitution because it gave more power to the federal government and less to the states, and because it did not ensure individual rights. Many wanted to keep the Articles of Confederation.
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46. The Federalist Papers
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This collection of essays by John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison, explained the importance of a strong central government. It was published to convince New York to ratify the Constitution.
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47. Alexander Hamilton
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A leading Federalist, he supported industry and strong central government. He created the National Bank and managed to pay off the U.S.’s early debts through tariffs and the excise tax on whiskey.
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48. Loose interpretation
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Allows the government to do anything which the Constitution does not specifically forbid it from doing.
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49. Strict interpretation
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Forbids the government from doing anything except what the Constitution specifically empowers it to do.
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50. Federalists
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Early political party that believed in a strong central government, a strong army, industry, and loose interpretation of the Constitution.
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51. Democratic-Republicans
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Early political party that believed in a weak central government, state and individual rights, and strict interpretation of the Constitution.
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52. Jay’s Treaty
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(1794) Signed in the hopes of settling the growing conflicts between the U.S. and Britain. It was unpopular with most Americans because it did not punish Britain for the attacks on neutral American ships.
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53. Whiskey Rebellion
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In 1794, rebel farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and were quickly stopped by the US army. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem.
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54. XYZ affair
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Three French agents told American delegates that they could meet with the French foreign minister only in exchange for a very large bribe. The Americans did not pay the bribe, and in 1798 Adams made this incident public.
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55. Alien and Sedition Acts
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The Federalist laws created in the interest of the nation’s security and to stifle Democratic-Republican criticism.
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56. Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
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Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional.
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57. Revolution of 1800
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Jefferson’s election changed the direction of the government from Federalist to Democratic- Republican, so it was called a "revolution."
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58. Marbury v. Madison
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The Supreme Court decision that established the power of the judicial review, which allows the Supreme Court to declare laws unconstitutional.
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59. John Marshall
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A Federalist whose decisions on the U.S. Supreme Court promoted federal power over state power and established the judiciary as a branch of government equal to the legislative and executive.
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60. Embargo of 1807
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This act issued by Jefferson forbade American trading ships from leaving the U.S. It was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade. Was replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act.
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61. The War of 1812
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A war between the U.S. and Great Britain caused by American outrage over the impressment of American sailors by the British, the British seizure of American ships, and British aid to the Indians attacking the Americans on the western frontier.
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62. Clay’s American System
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Proposed after the War of 1812, it included using federal money for internal improvements (roads, bridges, industrial improvements, etc.), enacting a protective tariff to foster the growth of American industries, and strengthening the national bank.
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63. Hartford Convention
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(Dec. 1814) - A convention of New England merchants who opposed the War of 1812. They proposed some Amendments to the Constitution and discussed the idea of seceding from the U.S. if their desires were ignored. Ultimately led to the end of the Federalist Party.
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64. Monroe Doctrine
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(1823) Declared that Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere and that any attempt at interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the U.S.
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65. National Road (Cumberland Road)
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The first highway built by the federal government. Constructed during 1825-1850, it stretched from Pennsylvania to Illinois. It was a major overland shipping route and an important connection between the North and the West.
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66. McCulloch v. Maryland
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This decision stated the National Bank was constitutional. It also reinforced
“supremacy clause” that the national government trumps state governments. |
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67. Missouri Compromise
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(1821) This controversial law established rules about slavery for new states and territories in Louisiana Territory.
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68. John Quincy Adams
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Secretary of State for President James Monroe.
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69. Worcester v. Georgia
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(1832) The Supreme Court decided Georgia had no jurisdiction over Cherokee reservations. Georgia refused to enforce decision and President Jackson didn't support the Court.
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70. Gibbons v. Ogden
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(1824) This case ruled that only the federal government has authority over interstate commerce.
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71. Lowell System
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Representative of the earliest forms of industrialization in the U.S., this manufacturing setup hired mainly farm girls to work in their factories.
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72. “Tariff of Abominations”
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(1828) This raised the tax on imported manufactured goods. It protected the North but harmed the South; South said that the tax was economically discriminatory and unconstitutional because it violated state's rights.
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73. John C. Calhoun
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(1832) – This South Carolinian politician resigned as vice-president when his views on states' rights were disputed by Jackson. This man wanted each section of the country to share federal power equally, and went back to being Senator to fight for that viewpoint.
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74. Daniel Webster
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A great American orator. He gave several important speeches, first as a lawyer, then as a Congressman. He was a major representative of the North in pre-Civil War Senate debates
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75. Specie Circular
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(1836) Andrew Jackson’s policy that required hard money to be used in all land transactions with the federal government.
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76. Second Great Awakening
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An early 1800s spiritual movement that emphasized personal salvation and perfection from sin. Led by Charles Finney.
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77. Toqueville’s Democracy in America’
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Written in two parts (1835 and 1840) this writing discusses the advantages of democracy and consequences of the majority's unlimited power.
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78. Transcendentalism
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A philosophy pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the 1830s and 1840s, in which each person has direct communication with God and Nature, and there is no need for organized churches.
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79. Abolitionism
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The militant effort to do away with slavery. It had its roots in the North in the 1700s. It became a major issue in the 1830s and dominated politics after 1840.
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80. Nat Turner’s Rebellion
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(1831) The largest slave uprising in American history. Occurred in Virginia and left 55 white southerners dead.
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81. Whig Party
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Political party with policies that included policies included support of industry, protective tariffs, and Clay's American System. People in this party include Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, and, for a while, Calhoun.
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82. Seneca Falls
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(1848) - Site of the first modern women's right convention. At the gathering, Elizabeth Cady Staton read a Declaration of Sentiment listing the many discriminations against women.
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83. Manifest Destiny
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The theory that Americans were given the divine right to settle from coast to coast across the North American continent.
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84. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
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This treaty required Mexico to cede the American Southwest, including New Mexico, Colorado, Utah, Arizona, Nevada and California, to the U.S. U.S. gave Mexico $15 million in exchange.
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85. Free Soil Party
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Drawing a mixed bag of constituents, this party rallied around the common goal of stopping the spread of slavery in new territories. It was formed in 1847 – 1848.
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86. Republican Party
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A coalition of the Free Soil Party, the Know-Nothing Party and renegade Whigs merged in 1854 to form this party; a liberal, anti-slavery party. The party's Presidential candidate, John C. Fremont, captured one-third of the popular vote in the 1856 election.
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87. Popular sovereignty
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The theory that the people of the new territories should determine the fate of slavery, not the federal Congress.
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88. Harriet Beecher Stowe
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She wrote the abolitionist book, Uncle Tom's Cabin. It has been called the greatest American propaganda novel ever written, and helped to bring about the Civil War.
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89. Kansas-Nebraska Act
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1854 - This act repealed the Missouri Compromise. Popular sovereignty would determine whether these territories would be slave or free states.
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90. Stephen A. Douglas
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One of the masterminds of the Compromise of 1850 and the man who introduced the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854. He believed strongly in the idea of popular sovereignty.
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91. Know Nothing Party
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A nativist political party that opposed immigration and Catholics. It was founded in the 1840s and was also known as the American Party.
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92. Dred Scott decision
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A Missouri slave sued for his freedom, claiming that his four year stay in the northern portion of the Louisiana Territory made free land by the Missouri Compromise had made him a free man. The U.S. Supreme Court decided he couldn't sue in federal court because he was property, not a citizen.
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93. John Brown
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A radical abolitionist who believed he had been ordained by God to put a stop to the institution of slavery in the U.S. Led the Pottawatomie Creek massacre and the raid on Harper’s Ferry.
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94. Emancipation Proclamation
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With this Lincoln freed all slaves in the states that had seceded. It was released after the Northern victory at the Battle of Antietam. Lincoln had no power to enforce the law.
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95. Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction
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(1863) This statement outlined Lincoln’s plans for bringing rebel states back into the Union following the Civil War.
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96. Homestead Act
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(1862) This offered 160 acres of land to any settler who would pay a $10 registration fee, live on the land for five years, and cultivate and improve it.
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97. Morill Act
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(1862) This legislation set aside public land in each state to be used for building colleges.
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98. Military Reconstruction Act
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(1867) This legislation divided the South into five districts which were placed under the direct control of Northern troops.
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99. Freedman’s Bureau
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(1865) Agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom. It furnished food and clothing to needy blacks and helped them get jobs.
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100. 13th Amendment
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(1865) Freed all slaves, abolished slavery.
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101. 14th Amendment
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(1866, ratified 1868) This granted in the Constitution full citizenship to all native- born or naturalized Americans, including former slaves and immigrants.
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102. 15th Amendment
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(Ratified 1870) No one could be denied the right to vote on account of race, color or having been a slave. It was to prevent states from amending their constitutions to deny black suffrage
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103. Solid South
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Term applied to the one-party (Democrat) system of the South following the Civil War. For 100 years after the Civil War, the South voted Democrat in every presidential election.
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104. Compromise of 1877
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Deal struck between the Democrats and Republicans that allowed Hayes to become President and for Reconstruction in the South to come to an end.
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105. Turner’s Frontier Thesis
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Written by an American historian who said that humanity would continue to progress as long as there was new land to move into. The American West provided a place for homeless and solved social problems.
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106. Dawes Act
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Legislation designed to “westernize” Native Americans by dealing with them as individuals and not as tribes.
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107. Laissez-faire
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A theory that the economy does better without government intervention in business.
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108. Greenback Party
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Founded in 1878, this party fought for increased monetary circulation through issuance of paper currency and bimetallism, supported inflationary programs, and sought benefits for labor.
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109. Social Darwinism
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Applied the theory of natural selection and "survival of the fittest" to human society - - the poor are poor because they are not as fit to survive. Used as an argument against social reforms to help the poor.
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110. Andrew Carnegie
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The steel industry’s monopolist who developed the first company to capitalize at over $1 billion.
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111. John D. Rockefeller
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The man who dominated the oil industry by paying the closest attention to detail and efficiency.
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112. Horatio Alger
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A dime novelist in the industrial age, this man wrote often about the rags-to-riches’ opportunities in America.
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113. Interstate Commerce Commission
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A five member board that monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states.
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114. Sherman Anti-Trust Act
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(1890) A federal law that committed the American government to opposing monopolies; it prohibits contracts, combinations and conspiracies in restraint of trade.
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115. American Federation of Labor
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Led by Samuel Gompers, this organization was a successful trade union for skilled
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116. Knights of Labor
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(1869) An idealistic reform union which was open to skilled and unskilled workers.
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117. Great Railroad Strike
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(July, 1877) A large number of railroad workers went on strike because of wage cuts. After a month of strikes, President Hayes sent troops to stop the rioting.
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118. Pullman Strike
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(1894) Organized in Chicago, this example of labor unrest resulted in Eugene V. Debs being imprisoned for obstructing the federal mail service.
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119. Chinese Exclusion Act
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(1882) This race-based law was supported by American workers who worried about losing their jobs to immigrants who would work for less pay.
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120. “new” immigration
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Marked by a demographic shift in newcomers to America. These people came mostly from Southern and Eastern Europe, fleeing persecution and poverty. Language barriers and cultural differences produced mistrust by Americans.
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121. Social Gospel
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A movement in the late 1800s / early 1900s which emphasized charity and social responsibility as a means of salvation.
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122. cult of domesticity
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The idea that one of a woman’s duties is to foster an artistic and educational environment in her “sphere”, the home.
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123. Jane Addams
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Social reformer who worked to improve the lives of the working class. In 1889 she founded Hull House in Chicago.
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124. Populist Party
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Founded in 1891, this party’s platform called for free coinage of silver and paper money; national income tax; direct election of senators; regulation of railroads; and other government reforms to help farmers.
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125. William Jennings Bryan
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Three-time candidate for president for the Democratic Party, nominated because of support from the Populist Party. He never won, but later served as Woodrow Wilson's Secretary of State (1913-1915).
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126. Eugene V. Debs
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Leader of the Socialist Party of America who ran for President five times in the late 1800s and early 1900s.
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127. Yellow Journalism
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Term used to describe the sensationalist newspaper writings of the late 1800s/early 1900s. Considered to be tainted writing with omissions and half-truths.
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128. Muckrackers
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Journalists who searched for and publicized real or alleged acts of corruption of public officials, businessmen, etc. Name coined by Teddy Roosevelt in 1906.
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129. Pure Food and Drug Act
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This legislation forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or
drugs. Still in existence as the FDA. |
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130. Ida Tarbell
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Muckracker who exposed Standard Oil Trust. This author’s writings strengthened the movement for outlawing monopolies.
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131. Robert M. LaFollette
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A great debater and political leader who believed in government reforms, he was a major leader of the Progressive movement from Wisconsin.
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132. Roosevelt Corollary
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Claimed that the U.S. had the right to act as international policeman in Latin America. Was an addition to the Monroe Doctrine.
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133. Dollar Diplomacy
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Taft’s foreign policy in the U.S. in 1909-1913. It was meant to avoid military intervention by giving foreign countries monetary aid.
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134. NAACP
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Founded in 1909, this organization has since called for political equality for blacks and an end to all racial discrimination.
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135. Federal Reserve Act of 1913
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The hallmark of Wilson’s first term, the act stabilized the banking system in the United States.
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136. Schenk v. United States
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Upheld convictions under the Espionage Act on the ground that the government could curtail free speech when exercise of it presented a “clear and present danger” to the country.
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137. Pancho Villa
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Mexican nationalist who became the target of American military action just prior to WWI.
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138. Selective Service Act
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Instituted in 1917, this legislation required all young men between twenty and forty- five to register for the military service.
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139. War Industries Board
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Most powerful government organization during WWI which coordinated military purchasing, fought waste, and ensured the armed forces were well-equipped.
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140. Espionage and Sedition Acts
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These pieces of legislation were designed to prevent “disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language” to be used against the government during WWI.
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141. Article X
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The most controversial aspect of the League of Nations charter, which ultimately kept the Senate from approving the Treaty of Versailles.
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142. Palmer Raids
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In reaction to the first Red Scare, these episodes were aimed at deporting “Red” Russians back to their home country.
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143. 19th Amendment
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Granted women’s suffrage.
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144. Teapot Dome Scandal
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This event highlighted the unethical/illegal proceedings of President Harding’s closest advisors.
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145. Marcus Garvey
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A black nationalist who founded the UNIA, and called for an exodus of African- Americans to Africa.
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146. Langston Hughes
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A gifted writer who wrote humorous poems, stories, essays and poetry; he was a central figure during the Harlem Renaissance.
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147. Sacco & Vanzetti case
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This event culminated in the execution of two immigrants. Convicted on circumstantial evidence, many believed they had been framed for the crime because of their anarchist and pro-union activities.
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148. Kellogg-Briand Pact
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(1928) "Pact of Paris" or "Treaty for the Renunciation of War," it made war illegal as a tool of national policy, allowing only defensive war. The Treaty was generally believed to be useless.
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149. Smoot-Hawley Tariff
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Raised duties on imports to historically high levels in 1930. It may have contributed to the spread of the international depression.
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150. Reconstruction Finance Corporation
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Created in 1932 by the administration of Herbert Hoover the purpose of this agency was to facilitate economic activity by lending money in the depression.
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151. Bonus marchers
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(1932) Facing the financial crisis of the Depression, WW I veterans tried to pressure Congress to pay them their retirement money early by protesting in Washington, D.C
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152. The 1st hundred days
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1933) At Roosevelt's request, Congress began a special session to review recovery and reform laws submitted by the President for Congressional approval.
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153. CCC
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(1933) A New Deal agency which employed jobless youth in projects such as reforestation, park maintenance and erosion control.
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154. FDIC
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A federal agency which insures bank deposits, created by the Glass-Strengall Banking Reform Act of 1933.
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155. NRA
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A New Deal agency established to coordinate codes of “fair competition” among industrial leaders. Participants could display the blue eagle.
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156. Huey Long
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A southern demagogue who threatened FDR with his “Share the Wealth” solution to the Great Depression.
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157. John Maynard Keynes
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The economist credited with the idea of using deficit spending to keep a national economy healthy.
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158. Social Security Act
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One of the most important features of the Second New Deal established a retirement for persons over 65 funded by a tax on wages paid equally by employee and employer
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159. Wagner Act
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Passed during the end of the New Deal, this legislation guaranteed collective- bargaining rights, permitted closed shops and outlawed coercive management practices.
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160. Neutrality Acts of 1935
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The beginning of a series of laws passed by Congress with the intention of keeping the U.S. out of WWII.
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161. Lend-lease
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After repealing the Neutrality Acts, the U.S. adopted this system of aiding the Allied forces without actually sending troops to fight.
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162. Office of Price Administration
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Set ridged wage and price controls to curb inflation during WWII.
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163. Korematsu v. U.S.
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(1944) The Supreme Court decision which upheld the constitutionality of Japanese
internment during WWII. |
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164. Douglas MacArthur
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The U.S. general who led the WWII Pacific campaign.
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165. Yalta Conference
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(February, 1945) Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta to make final war plans, arrange the post-war fate of Germany, and discuss the proposal for creation of the United Nations as a successor to the League of Nations.
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166. containment
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Foreign policy established by George Kennan which stated that the best way to keep Communism out of Europe was to confront the Russians wherever they tried to spread their power.
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167. Truman Doctrine
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Established in 1947, this policy established that the U.S. would support any nation
threatened by Communism. |
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168. Marshall Plan
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Introduced by Secretary of State in 1947, he proposed massive and systematic American economic aid to Europe to revitalize the European economies after WWII and help prevent the spread of Communism.
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169. Taft-Hartley Act
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(1947) The act amended the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 and imposed certain restrictions of the money and power of labor unions. Viewed as an anti-labor law.
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170. McCarthyism
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Wisconsin Senator who began sensational campaign in February, 1950 by asserting that the U.S. State Department had been infiltrated by Communists.
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171. HUAC
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Committee in the House of Representatives that from 1947-1949, it conducted a series of sensational investigations into supposed communist infiltration of the U.S. government and Hollywood film industry.
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172. Modern Republicanism
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Conservative about federal spending, liberal about personal freedoms. Believed in a balanced budget and lower taxes, but not in getting rid of existing social and economic legislation. Related to the Eisenhower era.
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173. National Defense Education Act
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1958) This created a multi-million dollar loan fund for college students and granted money to states for upgrading curriculum in the sciences and foreign languages.
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174. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
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(1954) The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.
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175. Little Rock “9”
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(1957) Governor Faubus sent the Arkansas National Guard to prevent black students from entering Central High School. Eisenhower sent in U.S. paratroopers to ensure the students could attend class.
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176. Bay of Pigs
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(1961) 1400 American-trained Cuban expatriates tried to topple Castro’s regime and expected a popular uprising to sweep them to victory, but the local populace refused to support them. Caused extreme embarrassment for JFK.
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177. Cuban Missile Crisis
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(October 14-28, 1962) After two weeks of confrontation that led to the brink of nuclear war, Khrushchev backed down and agreed to dismantle nuclear launch sites ninety-miles off of US soil.
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178. Civil Rights Act of 1964
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Legislation that stated that public accommodations could not be segregated and that nobody could be denied access to public accommodation on the basis of race.
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179. Medicare Act of 1965
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Legislation that provided, under Social Security, for federal subsidies to pay for the hospitalization of sick people age 65 and over. Part of LBJs Great Society vision.
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180. Immigration Act of 1965
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This legislation abolished the national-origin quotas that had been in place in the United States since a similar act in 1924.
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181. Voting Rights Act of 1965
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This legislation allowed for supervisors to register Blacks to vote in places where they had not been allowed to vote before. Led to a dramatic increase in black voting in America.
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