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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the second major controlling system of the body that acts with the nervous system and helps coordinate and integrate the activity of the body's cells? |
endocrine system |
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What are the chemical messengers that are released into the blood to be transported throughout the body? |
hormones |
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What are the cells within an organ that respond to a particular hormone? |
target cells |
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What are the two functional areas of the pituitary gland? |
anterior pituitary (glandular tissue) and posterior pituitary (nervous tissue) |
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What are tropic hormones? |
hormones that stimulate target organs that are also endocrine glands to secrete their hormones |
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What has often been called the master endocrine gland? |
anterior pituitary gland |
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What is not an endocrine gland, rather a storage area for hormones produced by the hypothalamus? |
posterior pituitary gland |
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What are the tropic hormones of the anterior pituitary gland? |
1. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) 2. Follice-stimulating hormone (FSH) 3. Luteinizing hormone (LH) 4. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) |
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What are the non-tropic hormones of the anterior pituitary gland? |
1. Growth hormone (GH) 2. Prolactin (PRL) |
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What are the hormones of the posterior pituitary gland (they are simply stored here)? |
1. Oxytocin 2. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
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What are the two main hormones produced by the thyroid gland? |
1. Thyroid hormone (TH) 2. Calcitonin |
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What hormone does the parathyroid glands produce? |
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
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What are the two parts of the adrenal glands? |
adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex |
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What are the hormones of the adrenal medulla? |
epinephrine and norepinephrine |
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What is unique about the pancreas and what hormones do they produce? |
It is unique because it is both an endocrine and exocrine gland. Hormones are insulin and glucagon |
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What does the thymus do? |
It produces a hormone called thymosin, which helps direct the maturation of a unique population of white blood cells called T lymphocytes/T cells. |
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Diabetes mellitus is the result from... |
hyposecretion of insulin |
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Diabetes insipidus is the result from.... |
hyposecretion of antidiuretic hormone |
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What is nonliving fluid matrix? |
plasma |
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What are the three types of formed elements present in the blood? |
erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets |
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Formed elements normally account for ____% of whole blood, plasma for the remaining ____%. |
45%, 55% |
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Which formed element is considered to be a more typical cell and why? |
erythrocytes; because they don't have a nucleus |
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What are the two major types of leukocytes? |
Granulocytes and Agranulocytes |
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What are the granulocytes? |
1. Neutrophil 2. Eosinophil 3. Basophil |
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What are the agranulocytes? |
1. Lymphocyte 2. Monocyte |
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functions as active phagocytes and their number increases during acute infections |
neutrophils |
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increases in number during allergies and parasite infections |
eosinophils |
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helps mediate inflammatory response |
basophils |
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functions as the "warriors" of the immune system |
lymphocytes |
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largest of the leukocytes that acts as an active phagocyte that increases during chronic infections like tuberculosis |
monocytes |
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What are cell fragments of large multinucleate cells called megakaryocytes? |
Platelets |
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Briefly define the functions of the three formed elements. |
Erythrocytes - transport oxygen and help transport carbon dioxide Leukocytes - defense and immunity Platelets - blood clotting |
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What is the ratio of the volume of red blood cells to the total volume of blood? |
Hematocrit |
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What is the major function for the cardiovascular system? |
transportation |
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Where is the heart located within? |
the mediatinum |
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The walls of the heart are composed of three layers, what are they? |
1. Epicardium 2. Myocardium 3. Endocardium |
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What is the outer layer of the heart, also the visceral pericardium? |
epicardium |
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What is the middle and thickest layer of the heart that is composed mainly of cardiac muscle? |
myocardium |
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What is the inner lining of the heart that covers the valves and is continuous with the inner lining of the great vessels? |
endocardium |
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What are the four heart chambers? |
Two atria and two ventricles |
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What are the receiving chambers? |
atria |
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What are the discharging chambers? |
ventricles |
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What enforces a one-way flow of blood through the heart? |
the valves |
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What are the valves of the heart? |
Atrioventricular (AV) valves Semilunar (SL) valves |
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What are the AV valves? |
Tricuspid (right AV) Bicuspid/mitral valve (left AV) |
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What are the SL valves? |
Pulmonary valve Aortic valve |
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The blood supply that nourishes the heart is provided by __________. |
the left and right coronary arteries |
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What are the three coats/tunics of blood vessels? |
1. tunica intima 2. tunica media 3. tunica externa |
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What is the largest artery of the body? |
the aorta |
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What are the three main regions of the aorta? |
ascending aorta, aortic arch, and descending aorta |
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What does systole mean? |
contraction of the ventricles |
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What does diastole mean? |
relaxation of the ventricles |
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The cardiac cycle includes.... |
events of one complete heartbeat |
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The average heart beats ___ to ___ beats per minute. |
70 to 76 |
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What are the two groups of the digestive system? |
Alimentary canal (GI tract) Accessory digestive organs |
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What are the layers of the alimentary canal wall? |
1. Mucosa 2. Submucosa 3. Muscularis externa 4. Serosa |
