A&p Ii Lecture Final Exam

Front 1

What is a chemical messenger transported through the criculation to target cells with receptors?

Back 1

Hormones

Front 2

Single amino acid derivatives

Back 2

TH, epinephrine, and norepinephrine are derived from AA tyrosine

Front 3

Peptide hormones

Back 3

Chains of amino acids

Front 4

Lipid dericatives

Back 4

Steroid hormones and sex hormones

Front 5

Hypothalamus produces what hormones?

Back 5

ADH, oxytocin, and regulatory hormones

Front 6

Pituitary gland produces what hormones?

Back 6

Anterior lobe: ACTH, TSH, GH, PRL, FSH, LH, and MSH
Posterior lobe: oxytocine, and ADH

Front 7

Thyroid gland produces what hormones?

Back 7

Thyroxin (T4), Triiodothyronine (T3), and calcitonin (CT)

Front 8

Thymus produces what hormones?

Back 8

Thymosine

Front 9

Adrenal glands produce what hormones?

Back 9

Adrenal medulla: epinephrine and norepinephrine
Adrenal cortex: cortisol, corticosterone, aldosterone, and androgens

Front 10

Pineal gland produces what hormones?

Back 10

Melatonin

Front 11

The heart produces what hormones?

Back 11

ANP and BNP

Front 12

Kidneys produce what hormones?

Back 12

Renin, erythropoietin, and calcitrol

Front 13

Adipose tissue produces what hormones?

Back 13

Leptin and resistin

Front 14

Pancreatic islets produce what hormones?

Back 14

Insulin and glucagon

Front 15

Gonads produce what hormones?

Back 15

Testes: androgens (testosterone) and inhibin
Ovaries: estrogens, progestins, and inhibin

Front 16

What regulates the activity of the endocrine system?

Back 16

Hypothalamus

Front 17

How is activity of the endocrine system regulated?

Back 17

1. Secreting regulatory hormones in the form of releasing and inhiborty that control the anterior pituitary gland
2. Releasing hormones to be stored in the posterior pituitary gland (ADH, Oxytocin)
3. Control sympathetic activity and adrenal medulla

Front 18

What are the tropic hormones of the anterior pituitary gland?

Back 18

Thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, leuteinizing hormone.

Front 19

Prolactin, growth hormone, and melanocyte stimulating hormone are also party of what gland?

Back 19

Anterior Pituitary Gland

Front 20

What are the two hormones stored in the posterior pituitary gland?

Back 20

ADH and oxytocin

Front 21

Three phases of general adaptation syndrome

Back 21

1. Alarm phase: epinephrine and norepinephrine. Immediate fight or flight directed by the sympathetic nervous system
2. Resistance phase: dominated by cortisone
3. Exhaustion phase: breakdown of homeostatic regulation and failure of one or more organ systems

Front 22

Functions of blood

Back 22

Transporting dissolved gases, nutrients, homrones, and metabolic wastes. Regulating pH and ion composition of interstitial fluids. Restricting fluid loss at injury sites. Protection against toxins and pathogens.

Front 23

Cells represent ___ % of the volume of blood.

Back 23

45

Front 24

Red blood cells account for ____ % of cells

Back 24

99.9

Front 25

White blood cells and platelets account for ___ % of cells.

Back 25

0.1

Front 26

60 % of plasma proteins and is major contributors to osmotic pressure of plasma; trasports lipids, steriod hormones

Back 26

Albumin

Front 27

35% of plasma protein and transports ions, hormones, and lipids; immune functions

Back 27

Globulins

Front 28

4 % of plasma protein and a an essential component of clotting; can be converted to insoluble fibrin

Back 28

Fibrinogen

Front 29

Three granular leukocytes.

Back 29

Neutrophils, eosinsphils, and basophils.

Front 30

Two agranular leukocytes

Back 30

Monocytes and lymphocytes

Front 31

Three phases of hemostasis.

Back 31

Vascular, platelet, and coagulation

Front 32

Phase of hemostasis that the local blood vessel constriction (vascular spasm) to reduce blood loss.

Back 32

Vascular phase

Front 33

Phase of hemostasis that platelets are activated, aggregated at the site, adhere to the damaged surfaces.

Back 33

Platelet phase

Front 34

Phase of hemostasis that factors released by platelets and endothelial cells interact with clotting factors to form a clot. Suspended fibrinogen is converted to large insoluble fibrin fibers.

Back 34

Coagulation phase

Front 35

The heart is surrounded by a double serous membrane called _____ and is used to anchor the heart to the surrounding structures.

Back 35

Pericardium

Front 36

The ___ wave accompanies the depolarization of the atria which precedes atrial contraction

Back 36

P

Front 37

The ____ complex appears as the ventricles depolarize, which precedes ventricle contraction

Back 37

QRS

Front 38

The ___ wave indicates ventricular repolarization which precedes ventricular contactions

Back 38

T

Front 39

The time during which the impulse move from atria to ventricles.

Back 39

P-R interval

Front 40

The time during which ventricular activity takes place.

Back 40

Q-T interval

Front 41

The time during which ventricular contraction takes place

Back 41

S-T

Front 42

Tunica intima

Back 42

Inner most, endothelial lining

Front 43

Tunica media

Back 43

Smooth muscle, involuntary

Front 44

Tunica externa

Back 44

Mix between collagen and elastic fibers

Front 45

What forms the Circle of Willis?

Back 45

2 internal carotid arteris, 2 anterior cerebral arteries branches of internal carotid arteries, 2 posterior cerebral arteries branches of basilar artery, 1 anterior communicating artery of anterior cerebral arteries, 2 posterior communicating arteries branches of posterior cerebral arteries.

Front 46

(Cellular immunity) defends against abnormal cells and pathogens inside cells, provided by T cells.

Back 46

Cell mediated immunity

Front 47

(Humoral immunity) provided by B cells, when activated, they form plasma cells which produce specific antibodies against antigens and pathogens in body fluid.

Back 47

Antibody-mediated immunity

Front 48

The respiratory exchange surface is formed of:

Back 48

Simple squamous epithelium linging the respiratory bronchioles, the alveolar ducts and the alveolar sacs. Endothelial cell lining the adjacent capillaries. Fused basal laminae.

Front 49

Cells of the respiratory membrane that produce surfactant which decrease surface tension and prevent collapse of alveoli

Back 49

Septal cells

Front 50

Cells of the respiratory membrane that engulf foreign particles

Back 50

Alveolar macrophage (Dust Cells)

Front 51

Movement of air inside and outside the lung.

Back 51

Pulmonary ventilation

Front 52

Exchange of gases between blood and the alveoli of the lung.

Back 52

External respiration

Front 53

Exchange of gases between blood and body tissues

Back 53

Internal respiration

Front 54

Common type of mixing mobility seen especially in the small intestine - segmental rings of contraction chop and mix the chyme. Alternating contraction and relaxation of the longitudinal muscle in the wall of the gut also provides effective mixing of its contents

Back 54

Segmentation contractions

Front 55

A ring of muscle contraction appears on the oral side of a bolus and moves toward the anus, propelling the contents of the lumen in that direction; during peristaltic mevemnt the circular muscles behind the bolus contract while the circular muscles ahead of the bolus relax, at the same time the longitudinal muscles around the bolus contract

Back 55

Peristalsis

Front 56

Regional powerful peristaltic contractions occur a few times each day in the large intestine which initiate defecation

Back 56

Mass movements

Front 57

Gastorintestinal hormone that stimulates production of acids and enzymes, increases mobility. Originate from stomach and duodenum and targets the stomach

Back 57

Gastrin