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101 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What do historians mean by "the new imperialism"
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was the annexing of territory in the 1880's-leeading to economic and technological processes
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When the expansion of western ideas cae to the rest of the world wasnt peaceful, what was the result
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Using superior military power to help open the door to Western economic interests-so that the largest share of increasing gaains fro trade, technology, and migration flowed to west and propertied classes
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What is meant by the term "lopsided world"
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Describes the world of rich landss and poor-describing how the industrialized countries [Europe and North America] had a large gap from the non industrializing ones [Africa, Asia, Latin America]
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Define Third World
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Countries of Africa, Asia, and Latin America
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Compare Europe in 1750 to other countries in the wrold. What did indurstrialization do to the gaps of average wealth and well being aoung countries. What happened to income per person before 1913 for the Third World
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Europe was still a poor agriculutred society in 1750 and standard of living wasnt higher then other countries. Industrialization opened the gap in average wealth and well being of countries. Income per person stagnated in the Third World before 1913
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What do the incoe disparities of the Third World indicate
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Disparities in food and clothing, health and education, lif expectancy and general material well being
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Compare the contrasting views of historians view on how the West created their economic growth
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Some historians say the west used science, technology, capitalist organization, and critical world view to get wealth. While other historians say the West used political and economic power to get wealth
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Which country played a key role in using trade to tie the world together economically?
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Great Britain-which had a colonial epire in India, Canada, Australia, and other territories-the Industrial Revolution allowed Britain to outexport other countries
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How did Britain find other non-Western arkets
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By creating strong tariff arriers and promoting domestic industry
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After the repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846 what did Britain become
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World's single best market-which stimulated growht of mines and plantations
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What facilitated the growht of trade-think transportation
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Railways-which were now built in Latin America, Asia, Africa, and Australiaand drastically reduced transportation costs and opened new economic opportunities
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Describe the new revolutions in boat that had occured by the 1860's
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The use of steam and also using steel instead of iron or wood-screw propellers
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Which canals helped facilitate intercontinental trade and why
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Suez and Panama Canals-which had modern port facilities-and telegraph cables which helped rapid counications
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Where did most Europeans find the most profitable opportunities for investment
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In construction of railroads, ports, and utilities-which helpedwhite settlers buy European rails and locomotives and develop sources of cheap food and raw materials
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Who were the victims of the expansion of European commerce
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Indians, Native Americans, and Australian-who were decimated by diseases, liquor, and weapons
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How did the Europeans and English get the Chinese tea
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With hard silver because China wasnt interested in European wares
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What was teh Qing
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The traddition Chinese iperial government who regulated European trade-and were also known as anchu Dynasty-they refused to establish diplomatic relations with the European staetes and required foreign merchants to live in city of Canton and buy and sell only to the local merchant monopoly
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What was the vice that grew popular in China and the British India colony make
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Opiu
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What were the effects of the Opium trade
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It stripped the empire of silver and the Chine tried to stamp out the drug dealers
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Who was the Lin Tse-hsu
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Was the person who ordered foreign merchants to obey China's laws-especially not selling Opium-and when Britain didnt follow led to merchants being expelled and causing war
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What was the end effect of the war between China and Britain
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The British sent Indian troops and occupied coastal cities of China
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What was the Treaty of Nanking
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Established in 1842 the imperial government in China were forced to cede Hong Kong and pay 100 illion dollars, and open four large cities for trade with low tariffs
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What happened in China fro 1856-1860
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There was another war between the Chinese and British and French troops-leading to Chinas loss and harsh treaties by European merchants and missionaries forcing unfavorable terms for China
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How did the Europeans and Americans view Japan during the 1800's
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As very isolated and barbaric because didnt want to deal with European affairs-Americans were very angry with this
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Who was mattew Perry
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He was the commodore who stormed into Edo [Tokyo] and demanded diplomatic negotiations with their emperor-however crises because Japanese were against but officials realized Japan was defenseless against naval bombardment
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Ultimately what happened between the Japanese and the Americans
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A treaty was made that opened two ports and permitted trade-and gave more privileges to the Western nations
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Explain the significance of muhammad Ali
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He got rid of his political rivals [Egypt] and made powerful ary along European lines-he took peasants and recruited them, he cultivated lands, and reformed ment-had created strong Egyptian state-to be ruled by hereditary basis
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What did Ali's new modernization do
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Attract large numbers of Europeans to Alexandria to be army officers, engineers, doctors, government officials, police officers, trade, finance, shipping jobs
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How did Ali pay for his ambitious plans for Egypt, what was the consequence for the peasants
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He encourged commercial agriculture and many government officials carved private land and basically made the independent peasants now forced to make cash crops
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What did Ismail, sone of Ali, do as khedive
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Khedive means prince-and he created large irrigation netowrks and made the Suez Canal-replaed Arabic over Turkish-and created new schools
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What was the biggest failure of Ismail, and how did he solve this
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he was too impatient and reckless and his projects caused debt-ultimately France and Great Britain helped-by overseeing finance
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What was the peoples reaction to the British and French helping control the Egyptian budget
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The nationalists were ange5red ad i[set
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Who was Colonel Ahmed Arabi
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In 1789 he was the leader of the Egyptian Nationalist party-and led many anti European riots in 1882 which were crushed by the British
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How was British rule in Egypt
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The British made it seem like the Khedive was in power but that was a facade
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It has been said that British rule in Egypt had provided the model for European expansion-explain
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The expansion was based on military force, political domination, and self justifying ideology-which would dominate until 1914
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What is meant by the great migration
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Basically the migration of millions of people-leading to Western expansion
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During the nineteenth century there was a decrease in birth rates, but also a decrease in death rates, which led to the growing number of Europeans which ultimately led to what
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Emigration of hte people-because of the hunger and overpopulation of the land-
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The number of women and men increased rapidly before what
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World War I
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About 1/3 of all European migrants between 1840-1920 were what
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From the British isles
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What did migration patterns reflect
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Social and economic conditions in European countries and provinces
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many people believed that Europeans migrated primarily to the United States, true or false
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False, although some did migrate to the US, some also migrated to Russsia, Canada, Argentina, Brazil, Australia, and New Zealand
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What was the European migrant most likely
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A small peasant landowner who felt threated by to little land, estate agriculture, and cheap factory goods
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Where did most of the Italians who depended on agriculture move to before 1900, after
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First Argentina and Brazil and later US/France
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What were swallows
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Italians who harvested own wheat and flax in Italy then flew to Argentina to harvest wheat fro December and April and return to Italy for spring planting
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What is meant by a "migration chain"
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Term used because often families or friendship were key factors in the movement of people
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When did migration slow down
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When the peoople gained political and social reforms
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What other non-European groups migrated
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Chinese, Japanese, Indians, and Filipinos
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In the 1840's what was in high demand in Cuba
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Chinese laborers-worked as virtual slaves
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What were great while walls
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Discriminatory laws designed to keep Aisans out-in Australia and America in 1880's
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What were the highest periods in expansion of Western Society
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1880-1914
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Define new imperialism
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The new imperialism was far more radical because it was characterized by a frantic rush to plant flag over many people and territory-resulted in tnesions and wars-aimed at Africa and Asia
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Before 1880 how much of Africa was owned by Europe
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Only about 10 percent
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Who were the Afrikaners
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Descendents of the Dutch in Cape Colony who proclaimed their political independence and dfended against British armies
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What was the only country not ruled by European powers in Africa
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Ethiopia
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What happened in the South African War
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The British conquered the Afrikaners
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Who was Leopold II
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A Beligium monarchy who had a lust for distant territory-he was focused on central Africa in 1876
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Who was HenryM. Stanley
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A sensation seeking journalist who was sent by Leopold II to the Congo basin-he established trading stations, signed treaties with African chiefs, and planted Leopold's flag
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Who was Pierre de Brazza
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he was the French explorer sent because of the French's fear of Belgium expansion in central Africa, he sigend a treaty in 1880 with the cehif of a Teke tribe and began a French protectorate on north bank of Congo River
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What did Jules Ferry of France and Otto von Bismarck of Germany arrange in Berlin in 1884 and 1885
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They arranged an international conference on Africa-established the principle that European claims to African territory had to rest on effective occupation in order to be recognized-that is no European country could claim entire continent
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What did the Berlin Conference coincide with
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Germany's sudden emergence as an imperial power-for Germany in 1884 and 1885 established protectorates over a number of small African kingdoms and tribes in Togo, Camerrons, soutwest Africa, and later East Africa-cooperated with British and French
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Where did the French conquer
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Southward from Algeria, eastwward from their old forts on Senegal coast, and northwood from protectorate on Congo River
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What did the British conquer in Africa
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West African enclavs adn northwood from Cape Colony and westward from Zanzibar
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Who blocked the British's thrust soutward from Egypt
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Muslims who massacred the British force at Khartoum in 1885
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What did General Horatio H Kitchener do
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He moved cautiously and more successfully up the Nile River, building a railraod to supply arms and reinforcements-he was a British force
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What helped the British troops conquer the Muslim tribesmen in Omdurman
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machine guns
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Where did the French try to beat the English in gaining African territories after the British had gained Egypt
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upper reaches of the Nile-eventually unwilling to fight they gave up
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Name each Asian territory that Russia and the United States gained
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Russia: Muslim areas to the Southi n the Caucasus and in Central Asia and in Chinas provinces in the Far East
United States: Phillippines from Spain in 1898 but Phillippines tried to revolt but were suppressed |
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How did economic motive splay a role in the extension of political empires, especially Britain
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Britain once had the lead in the industrialization but as Germany, France, and United States caught up the British came to appreciate their old values more highly-also they didnt want to have France and Germany seal off their empires with high tariffs and restrictions
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Did the new colonies provide large profits? How ddi each country view a colony as
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No, the gains were limited because the colonies were quite poor. Each country saw colonies as crucial to national secuirty, military power, and international prestige
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How did the ideas of socialist Darwinist influence expansion during the late nineteenth century
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It was believed taht the white Europeans were superior and dominant and had to own colonies to show dominance
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How did the new technological and military superiority change European expansion during the nineteenth century.
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1] Machine gun was ultimate weapon
2] the Quinine was effective in controlloing attacks of malaria allowing the Europeans to travel 3] steamship and international telegraph permitted Western powers to quickly concentrate their firepower in a given area when it was needed |
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How did the conservatives influence European expansion during the nineteenth century
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The conservatives would use colonial issues to divert attention from teh class struggle at home and create a false sense of national unity
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How did special interest groups in each country work as powerful agents of expansion
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Shipping companies wanted lucrative subsidies, white settlers wanted more land and protectio, missionaries and humanitarians wanted to spread religion and stop slave trade, military men and colonial officials saw this as way to strengthen position
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How did some Europeans justify the European expansion of the nineteenth century
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They saw themselves as civilized and needed to civilize the primitive none white people-this civilization would lead to modern economics, cities, advanced medicine, and higher standard of living, and democracy
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Who was Rudyard Kipling
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He wrote about Anglo-Indian life and was one of the most influential British writers of the 1890's
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What was the white man's burden
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It aws what many Americans accepted that instead of liberating a country they should rule it-Phillippines-because they believed that their civilization had reached great heights and they had to bestow it on the less advanced
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Who was J. A Hobson
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The English economist who wrote Imperialism a work which influenced Lenin and others. He contended taht the rush to acquire colonies was due to the economic needs of unregulated capatilism and the need of the rich to find outets for surplus capital-and say that imperial possessions only profited the rich-also said thaat economic expansion diverted attention from domestic reform and need to reduce great gap between rich and poor
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Who was Joseph Conrad
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He wrote Herat of Darkness and was a Polish born novelist who castigated the pure selfishness of Europeans in civilizing Africa; the main character a liberal scholar turns into a savage brute
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Describe the spectrum of the responses of the Western impact
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You had the traditionalista nd the westernizers and modernizers-and many shades of opinion
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Why did the nonconformists strongly oppose European rule
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They had a desire for human dignity and believed that foreign rule was undifnified and they had discovered the liberal ideas and they used this to protest
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Which three major Asian nations had the strong anti-imperialism feelings
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India, Japan, China
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What was the Great Rebellion?
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The attempt by the established ruling class to drive out the white man in military force-in India from 1857-58
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How was India ruled after 1858
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By the British parliament and small white civil service-this white elite were competent and well disposed towards welfare but there was job discrimination and social segrgation
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What was the "white women's burden"
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In India where many feminsits, social reformers, or missionary women worked to improve the conditions of Indian women and bring htem closer thorugh education and legislation to better condition
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What were some of the social and economic opportunities that the British offered
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Seconardy education and government service
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What was the role of the English in the economic development in India
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Irrigation projects, worlds third largest railroad, large tea and jute plantations
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How did the British create a strong unified state?
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placed a general system of law and administration
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Although the British had created many improvements in India, how did the educated Indians felt
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Angered because of their strong national feelings and the fact that the Whites still saw themselves as superior-they were also repressed
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What did the Hindu Indian National Congress demand in in 1885
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Equality and self government that Britain had granted white settlements-home rule for India
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What was the shogun and samuria
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The shogun was the hereditary military governor and samurai were the warrior nobility
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What was the Meiji Restoration
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In 1867 a coalitoin led by patriotic samurai siezed control of the government with ahrdly any bloddshed and restored political power in the emperor
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What did the Meiji reformers do to Japan
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Try to modernize by abolishing old feudal structure, declare social equality, freedom and movement in a country, free ecocomy, ailways, modern factories, and created a powerful modern navy-there was three year military service for all males and draftees, they also encouraged sceicne and modern technology in industry, medicine, and education, and encouraged foreign expoerts to come
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By 1890 when the new state was made what did Japan sestablish
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Authoritarian constituion and rejected democarcy
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Descibe the wars that Japan was engaged in in 1870's-1910
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Japan defeated China in war for Korea in 1894 and 1895 and competed with European poewrs for territory in China. Japanese and RUssia fought and Japan attacked Russia in 1904 and won, Japan annexed Korea in 1910
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What two factors were crucial in the comeback of China
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1] traditional ruling grousp created new and effective leadership
2] destructive foreign aggression lessened |
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Explain some crucial points in Chinese history in 1894 and 1895
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The Sinoj Japanse War which left a harsh peace treaty and China vulnerable for attack
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What saved China from partition
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Only the jealousy each nation felt towards its imperialist competitions
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What did the U.S Open Door policy do
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Opposed formal annexation of Chinese territory
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What was the hundred days of refom
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An attempt to meet the foreign challenge and overthrow a dynasty to create a republic
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What did the conservative Chinese believe in
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Old Traditions and hated the foreign missionaries who they killed
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What happened after the years after the Boxer Revolt
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Anarchy as Qing Dynasty fell-in 1912 Qing Dynasty fell-revolutioaries called for Western style repbulic and called for a parliament
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