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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Who was Emile Zola
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Giat of hte realist movement in literature who in his books made charge of pornography and corruption of morlas
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What was realism
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Emerged in 1840s and dominated Western culture until 1890's writers who depicted life as it was-they observed and recorded
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What subjects did the realism writers focus on
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Sex, strikes, violence, alcohomlism
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What did the realism believe in
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Heredity and environment determined human behavior and humans were components of the physical world
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Who was Honore de Balzar
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Wrote The Human Comedy which was 100 books portraying more then 2000 characters-showed struggle of wealth and power in Le Pere Goriot
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Who was Gustave Flaubert
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Wrote Madame Bovary and wrote against public morality and religion-tells life of frustrated middle class housewife who had an affair and was betrayed by her lover
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What was Germinal
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Zola's book which sympathized with socialism
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Who was Mary Ann Evans also known as Geroge Elliot
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Wrote Middlemarch; A Study of Provincial Life hich examines the ways in which people are shaped by their own strivings, conflicts, and moral choices
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Who was Thomas Hardy
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Authos of Tess of the D'Urbervilles and The Return of hte Natie which depict men and women frustrated and crushed by fate and back luck
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Who was the greatest Russian realist
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Count Leo Tolstoy
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What was Tolstoy's greatest work
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War and Peace whcih describes the historical background of Napoleon's invasion of Russia in 1812.
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What was Tolstoy's message
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Human love, trust, family ties are lifes enduring values
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Who was the United States famous realism writer
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Theodore Dreiser
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What was Sister Carrie
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Story of a farmgirl who does well doing wrong in Chicago and her lack of morality in Chicago
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What were the different forms of nationalism
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Nationalism was found in liberal or democratic states and in dictatiorial states
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What were some of the reasons that Napoleon III was nominated
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He was cousin of Napoleon I, Napoleon III was seen as a strict ruler who could rule out radical ideas, and Napoleon had created the Napoleonic Ideas and the Elimination of Poverty
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What was the Napoleonic Ideas and the Elimination of Poverty
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Pamphlets writtten by Napoleon III and said that the government should represent the peopole and help them economically
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What was Napoleon's answer to helping hte people
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Strong authoritarian leader who would serve the rich and poor
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What did Louis Napoleon do on December 2, 1851
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He illegally dismissed the National Assembly because they failed to change the constitution-he then seized power
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What was Louis Napoleons greatest success
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Economy-he encouraged new investment banks and massive railroad construction along with ambitious program of public works -and unemployment declined
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What did Louis Napoleon do in the 1860s
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Granted workers the right to form unions and right to strike
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What did Napoleon III do to the National Assembly after grabbing power
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He restricted but didnt abolish the Assembly-members were elected by universal male suffrage every 6 years
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What happened in the 1860's to cause the decline in Napoleon's rule
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Problems in Italy and rise of Prussia's power
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In the 1860's what did Napoleon III do to his empire
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Liberalize his empire by givign hte Assembly greater powers and the opposition candidates grater freedom
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In 1869 who opposed Napoleon III's rule
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Republicans, Monarchists, Liberals
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Describe the reorganization of Italy during the Congress of Vienna
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Rich northern provinces were taken by Metternich, Sardinia and Piedmont under rule of Ialian Monarch, Tuscany shared norht Cenral Itasly which was ruled by papacy, Naples and Sicily ruled by the Bourbons
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What were the three approcaches to a unified Italian nation
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1] Mazzini's idea who wanted a centralized democratic republic based on universal male suffrage and will of peopel 2] Vincenzo Gioberti's idea who called for a federation of existing states under the presidency of a progressive pope 3] an autocratic kingdom under leadership of Sardinia-Piedmont
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After Austria smashed Mazzini's republicanism Sardinia's monarch Victor Emmmanuel did what
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Retained hte liberal constitution which provided some civil liberties, partilamentary government, and deputies
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What was the papacy's view on unification in Italy
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Pope Pius IX was opposed
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What was the Syllabus of Errors
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Written by Pius IX it strongly denounced rationalism, socialism, separation of church and state, and religious liberty
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Which statesmen led the Sardinian government
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Count Camillo Benso di Cavour
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What ddi Cavour do in the 1850's to Sardinia
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Make it into a liberal constitutional state capable of leading northern Italy-he made highways and railroads, civil liberties, and opposed cliercal privilage
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Who did Cavour and Emmanuel form a secret diplomatic alliance with and who against
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With France against Austria
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In Jully 1858 Cavour attacked which country and whihc country helped Cavour
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He attacked Austria with the help of Napoleon III of France
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What did Napoleon III decide to do after 1860
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He decided to make peace with Austria at Villafranca and made it so Sardinia woudl recieve only Lombardy
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What did the people incentral Italy do under Sardinian nationalism
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They drove out their princes and called for fusion with Sardinia
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How did Cavour win the support of Napoleon III
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By ceding Savoy and NIce to France
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What was Cavour's and Garibaldi's linkage
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Cavour secretly supported Garibaldi's plan to liberate the kngdom of Two Sciilies
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What did Garibaldi's red shirts do
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They outwitted 20,000 men of hte royalarmy and took Palermo and marched towards naples to prepare attack on Rome
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Why did Cavour send Sardinian forces to stop Garibaldi's attack on the papal states
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He realized that an attack on Rome would bring war with France and he feared Garibaldi's radical ideas
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What happened to the Southern Italian states because of Garibaldi
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They united with the north and formed one monarch and one natin state
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What divisions remained in Italy
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Only a small minority of Italian males could vote, the North was industrialized while the South was agrarian
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Why was the Zollverein a crucial factor i nthe Austro-Prussian rivalry
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The Zollverein was a German customs union and had excluded Austria=not letting Austria's trade to be included
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What did Austria try to do to the Zollveriein
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Destroy it but were unsuccessful
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What did William I of Prussia believe could happen
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They could get great political change with a war with Austria ofr France-and they needed to have major arym reforms
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Why did Prussia's parliament reject King William I's new military plan
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They were liberal middle class and bleieved that the power should be in Parliament not hte king, also didnt believe in spending more on military
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What did Otto von Bismarck do to the Prussia
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He ignored the opposition of Parliament and started collecting taxes to reorganize an army
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What was the Schleswig Holstein issue
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The issue on whose territory it belonged to-The Danish king tried to bring the provinces into Danish rule-1848-so Prussia joined with Austria in a war with Denmark
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Otto von Bismarck wanted to bring Prussia into complete control over the Lutheran northern German states, meaning what?
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That he would have to expel Austria from German affiars
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What did Bismarck do to Russia and France to prepare war with Austria
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Neutralize them
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Why did the Austro Prussian War of 1866 last only 7 weeks
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Because the Prussiasn utilized railraods, firepore, organized Prussian army and defeated Austria at Battle of Sadowa in Bohemia
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What did Otto Von Bismarck, who anticipated Prussia's future, do to Austria
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He left them with generous peace terms-they lsot no territory but Venetia was ceded to Italy and Austria agreed to withdraw from German affairs
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What happened to the north staes and the south staes when Prussia reorganized after the Austro-Prussian war
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The norht tates became part of the Norht German Confederation while the Catholic states of the South remianed independent while forming alliances with Prussia
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What did Bismarck associate Prussia's fate with
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National development of Germany
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What was part of the federal constitutiion of the Norht German Confederation under Bismarck
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Each state had its own government ubt king of Prussia became president of confederation, and chancellor was only responsible to president, federal government controlled army and foreign affairs, 2 house legislature, delegages of upper house appointed by differetn states but lower were elected by male suffrage
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Why did many of the liberals who criticized Bismarck actually applaud him later on
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He in 1866 had succeeded in making Germany united
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What were the two reasons for starting a war with France
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So Bismarck could control the southern German states and because Prussia' Willaim I relative might become king of Spain
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When war in France began in 1870 who did Bismarck have the support of
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south German states
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Why did Austria not defend France when fighitng the war with Prussia
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Austria was grateful because of the generous offer that Bismarkc had given them
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What happened on September 1, 1870
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German forces had defeated the main French army at Sedan
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What happened in January 1871 to France
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Paris surrendered and France accepted the harsh terms of the peace settlement, the southern German states jioned the German empire, and William I was emperor of Germany-known as the German 'sun king'
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What was the consequence of France's harsh peace settlment
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France had to pay 5 billion francs, cede rich eastern provicne of Alsac and part of Lorraine to Germany
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Why were relations between France and Germany after 17871 poisoned
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Because Germany had taken Lorraine and Alsace which the French viewed as a terrible crime
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In the United States how as the north and south divided
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The north was industrialized whiel hte south was agriculturalized
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The rise of ________ played a key role in igniting the U.S. economic growth
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cotton
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In 1848 what event happeneed to the United States to cause more tension b/w the South and North
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Ceding of Texas which was debated over having slavery or no slavery
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What happened after Lincoln was elected President
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Eleven states left the Union determined to win their independence and form the Confederate States of America
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Describe the Civil War
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From 1861-1865 the North beat the South, mainly because the Norht prospered during the war while the South suffered
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What did the Homestead Act and the Thirteenth Amendment do
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Homestead Act gave western land to settlers and the Thirteenth Amendment ended slavery
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After 1853 what did Russia realize it had to embrace
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MOdernization-changes that neable a country to compete efficiently with teh leading countries at a given timw
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What percent of Russians lived off the land
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About 90 percent
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Describe the peasants conditiosn in Russia
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There was still serfdom, hereditary subjugation, serf families, harsh labor, and lack of freedom, along with army recruitments
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What was the cause of the Crimean War of 1853 to 1856
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Dispute with Russia over France over who should protect Christian Shinres in the Ottoman Empire
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Why was Russsia defeated in the Crimean War
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Fighting was concentrated i the Crimean Peninsula so Russia couldnt transport goods by river and Great Britain andFrnace were aided by Sardinia nad the Ottoman Empire
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