A&p Ii: Blood

Front 1

Alkaline pH of blood

Back 1

7.35-7.45

Front 2

Hormones that increase blood volume

Back 2

ADH and Aldosternone

Front 3

Hormones that decrease blood volume

Back 3

Atrial natriuretic peptide

Front 4

Functions of blood

Back 4

1)transportation: Gases,nutrients enzymes, heat,waste

2)maintain homeostasis: ph buffers, body temp, osmotic pressure

3)protection: blood clotting, disease resistance

Front 5

Blood composition

Back 5

Plasma 55%

Formed elements 45%

Front 6

Plasma

Back 6

Water = 90%

Plasma protein = 8%

Other = 2%

Front 7

Hematopoiesis

Back 7

●occurs in red bone marrow

●all blood cell types arise from stem cells

●once cell begins to differentiate it can't change back

Front 8

Erythropoieisis

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●Normally rate of production=destruction

●stimulus to increase production=hypoxia

●EPO = hormone produced by kidneys stimulates RBC production

Front 9

Before leaving bone marrow, the RBC....

Back 9

●Ejects the nucleus (reticulocyte)

●Cell collapses = biconcave shape flexibility allows gas diffusion

●RBC completes maturation in bloodstream

Front 10

What causes sickle cell?

Back 10

Substitution of one amino acid for another in hemoglobin

Front 11

A heme group consists of...

Back 11

An iron (Fe) ion (charged atom) held in a ring

Front 12

Hemoglobin/O2 ratio

Back 12

1 hemo/4 O2

Some CO2 (20%) also transported by hemoglobin

Front 13

What is hypoxia

Back 13

Insufficient O2 supply.

Causes kidneys/liver to release erythropoietin (EPO) which stimulates RBC production

Front 14

Hematocrit

Back 14

Packed cell volume of RBC (% or RBC per volume)

Average is ≈ 45%, ±3%

Front 15

What is polycythemia

Back 15

Higher than normal number of RBC

Front 16

What is leukopenia

Back 16

Low WBC count (below 5,000)

Front 17

What is leukocytosis

Back 17

High WBC count (above 10,000)

Front 18

Neutropenia

Back 18

WBC count less than 4,000, less than 700 high risk of infection

Front 19

Anemia

Back 19

Lower than normal number of RBC

Front 20

Polycythemia

Back 20

Higher than normal RBC

Front 21

Pernicious Anemia

Back 21

Autoimmune disease that destroys stomach mucosa that produces intrinsic factor (needed to absorb B12)

Front 22

B12 is needed to help....

Back 22

RBCs mature and become smaller.

Without it they enlarge, resulting in macrocytes

Front 23

What is the A1C test based on? Normal A1C level?

Back 23

- the attachment of glucose to hemoglobin.

-normal level: 5.7%

Front 24

Leukopoiesis

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● increased production in response to infection

●Colony-stimulating factor (CSF) = hormones that trigger leukopoiesis

Front 25

Leukocyte Structure : Granulocytes and Agranulocytes

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Granulocytes = "BEN"

-basophils

-eosinophils

-neutrophils

Angranulocytes = monocytes, lymphocytes

Front 26

Neutrophil

Back 26

●Most numerous WBC (54-62%)

●Granules in cytoplasm

●Multi-lobed nuclei (3-5)

●Function = phagocytosis(ingest bacteria/fungi)

●First to arrive at infection site

●Also called Polys/PMN

Front 27

Eosinophil

Back 27

●Bilobed nuclei (approx 1-3% in blood)

●Granules appear orange/red in color

●contain antihistamines (combat allergic response)

●Attack parasitic worms therfore elevated with parasitic invasion

Front 28

Basophil

Back 28

●Rarest WBC (0-1%)

●Granules dark purple and large

●Contain histamine (increase blood vessel leakiness) and heparin (anticoagulant)

Front 29

Lymphocytes

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●2nd most numerous WBC (25-33%)

●Many found in lymph tissue,blood and CSF

●act as immune response to viruses

●T lymphocytes produce cytolytic granules

●B lymphocytes produce antibodies

Front 30

Monocytes

Back 30

●Largest leukocyte w/ U shaped nucleus (3-9%)

●Function in phagocytosis bacteria, worn out cells and organelles

●Take longer to arrive at infection than neutrophils (elevated in chronic infection)

Front 31

Platelets (Thrombocytes)

Back 31

●essential for clotting process

-stick together to form plug

-produce enzyme (prothrombinase)

Front 32

Thrombopoietin

Back 32

●Hormones produced by liver that regulates platelet production

●triggers formation of megakaryocyte

Front 33

Hemostasis (steps 1-5)

Back 33

1. Vascular Spasms = Blood vessels constrict to slow blood loss

2.Platelet plug forms = stick together to plug break (positive feedback loop)

3. Coagulation = Clot formation

4.Clot retraction and repair = platelets release chemical stimulating smooth muscle repair

5.FIbrinolysis = Clot broken down by plasmin (enzyme)

Front 34

Blood coagulation is triggered by...

Back 34

●Triggered by cellular damage and blood contact with foreign substances (a blood clot is formed).

● A hemostatic mechanism that occurs extrinsically and intrinsically

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Extrinsic Clotting mechanism

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●Triggered when blood contacts damages blood vessel walls/tissues such as laceration

●Coumadin acts as an anticoagulant in this pathway

Front 36

Intrinsic clotting mechanism

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●Triggered when blood contacts surface and exposed collagen

●Heparin acts as anticoagulant in this pathway

Front 37

What is the function of Plasmin?

Back 37

Digests the blood clots

Front 38

Factors affecting cloting formation:

Back 38

●Inadequate vitamin K

●Anticoagulants:

1)Herapin = produced by basophils/mast cells - inhibits thrombin

2)Coumadin(Warfarin) = antagonist to vitamin K

3)Aspirin= inhibits platelet clumping

Front 39

Thrombus

Back 39

An abnormal blood clot

Front 40

Embolism

Back 40

A blood clot moving through the blood vessels

Front 41

Agglutination

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Clumping of RBC in response to a reaction b/w antibody and antigen

Front 42

Antigen

Back 42

Chemical found on cell membrane surface; stimulate cells to produce antibodies

Front 43

Antibody

Back 43

A protein that attach to a specific antigen

Front 44

RhoGAM

Back 44

Serum contains anti-Rh = prevents mom from developing Rh antibodies

Front 45

The 3 diagnostic categories of Jaundice

Back 45

1)Pre-heptic/hemolytic = pathology occurring prior to liver.

2)Heptic/hepatocellular = Pathology located within the liver.

3) Post-Heptic/cholestatic = Pathology located after the conjugation of bilirubin in the liver.

Front 46

Function of Erythrocytes

Back 46

O2 and CO2 transport