Chapter 19 - Blood Vessels A&p Ii

Front 1

#1
Blood is carried in a closed system that _____ and _____ at the heart.

Back 1

begins & ends

Front 2

#2
What are the three types of vessels?

Back 2

arteries
capillaries
veins

Front 3

#3
Arteries carry blood _____ ____ the heart and veins carry blood _____ ______ heart

Back 3

arteries - away
veins - to

Front 4

#4
_____ contact tissue cells and directly serve cellular needs.

Back 4

Capillaries

Front 5

#5
Arteries and veins are composed of three tunics. What are they?

Back 5

tunica interna (intima)
tunica media
tunica externa (adventitia)

Front 6

#6
What layer lines the lumen of all vessels?

Back 6

The endothelial layer

Front 7

#7
What is present in all vessels larger than 1mm?

Back 7

A subendothelial connective tissue basement membrane

Front 8

#8
This tunica consists of smooth muscle and elastic fiber layer, regulated by sympathetic nervous system and it controls vasoconstriction/vasodilation of the vesses. Name the tunica

Back 8

Tunica media

Front 9

#9
name the thick-walled arteries near the heart; the aorta and it's major branches?

Back 9

Elastic (conducting) arteries

Front 10

#10
Elastic arteries have _____ lumen that allow ____-______ conduction of blood.

Back 10

large
low-resistance

Front 11

#11
What arteries contain elastic in all three tunics?

Back 11

elastic (conducting) arteries

Front 12

#12
Elastic (conducting) arteries withstand and smooth out large blood _____ _______.

Back 12

pressure fluctuations

Front 13

#13
Elastic (conducting) arteries serve as _____ ______.

Back 13

pressure reservoirs

Front 14

#14
What arteries & arterioles are distal to elastic arteries & deliver blood to body organs?

Back 14

Muscular (distributing) arteries

Front 15

#15
Muscular arteries and arterioles have thick ___ ____ with more ______ muscle.

Back 15

tunica media
smooth muscle

Front 16

#16
Muscular (distributing) arteries and arterioles are active in __________.

Back 16

vasoconstriction

Front 17

#17
What are the smallest arteries; and they also lead to capillary beds?

Back 17

arterioles

Front 18

#18
What arteries control flow into capillary beds via vasodilation and constriction?

Back 18

arterioles

Front 19

#19
What are the smallest blood vessels?

Back 19

Capillaries

Front 20

#20
Capillary walls consist of ____ tunica interna, one cell thick.

Back 20

thin

Front 21

#21
What vessel allows only a single RBS to pass at a time?

Back 21

Capillaries

Front 22

#22
What is on the outer surface of a capillary that stabilizes their walls?

Back 22

Pericytes

Front 23

#23
What are the three structural types of capillaries?

Back 23

continuous
fenestrated
sinusoids

Front 24

#24
What capillaries are abundant in the skin and muscles?

Back 24

Continuous capillaries

Front 25

#25
What cell provides an uninterrupted lining on the continuous capillaries?

Back 25

Endothelial cells

Front 26

#26
Adjacent cells of continuous capillaries are connected with _____ ______.

Back 26

tight junctions

Front 27

#27
What allows for the passage of fluids in continuous capillaries?

Back 27

Intercellular clefts

Front 28

#28
Continuous capillaries of the brain have tight junctions that completely surround the _____.

Back 28

endothelium

Front 29

#29
Continuous capillaries of the brain constitute the ____-_____ _______.

Back 29

blood-brain barrier

Front 30

#30
What type of capillaries are found whereever active capillary absorption or filtrate formation occurs?

Back 30

Fenestrated capillaries

Front 31

#31
What capillaries are characterized by
1. an endothelium riddled with pores
2. Greater permeability tan other capillaries

Back 31

Fenestrated Capillaries

Front 32

#32
Name a lighly modified, leaky, fenestrate capillaries with large lumens?

Back 32

Sinusoilds

Front 33

#33
______ are found in the spleen, liver, bone marrow, lymphoid tissue, and in some endocrine organs.

Back 33

Sinusoids

Front 34

#34
_______ allows large molecules (proteins and blood cells) to pass between the blood and surrounding tissues.

Back 34

Sinusoids

Front 35

#35
Blood flows sluggishly, alowing for midification in various ways in _______.

Back 35

sinusoids

Front 36

#36
This organ has a very tough thick capsule and it doesn not stretch.

Back 36

Spleen

Front 37

#37
A microcirculatin of interwoven networks of capillaries are ____ ____.

Back 37

Capillary beds

Front 38

#38
A metarteriole thoroughfare channel connecting an arteriole directly with a postcapillary venule are _____ _____.

Back 38

Vascular shunts

Front 39

#39
There have 10 to 100 per capillary bed, capillaries branch off the metarteriole and return to the thoroughfare channel at the distal end of the bed are ___ ____.

Back 39

True capillaries

Front 40

#40
This is a cuff of smooth muscle that surrounds each true capillary and regulates blood flow into the capillary.

Back 40

Precapillary sphincter

Front 41

#41
What vessel allows only a single RBS to pass at a time?

Back 41

Capillaries

Front 42

#42
What is on the outer surface of a capillary that stabilizes their walls?

Back 42

Pericytes

Front 43

#43
What are the three structural types of capillaries?

Back 43

continuous
fenestrated
sinusoids

Front 44

#44
What capillaries are abundant in the skin and muscles?

Back 44

Continuous capillaries

Front 45

#45
What cell provides an uninterrupted lining on the continuous capillaries?

Back 45

Endothelial cells

Front 46

#46
Adjacent cells of continuous capillaries are connected with _____ ______.

Back 46

tight junctions

Front 47

#47
What allows for the passage of fluids in continuous capillaries?

Back 47

Intercellular clefts

Front 48

#48
Continuous capillaries of the brain have tight junctions that completely surround the _____.

Back 48

endothelium

Front 49

#49
Continuous capillaries of the brain constitute the ____-_____ _______.

Back 49

blood-brain barrier

Front 50

#50
What type of capillaries are found whereever active capillary absorption or filtrate formation occurs?

Back 50

Fenestrated capillaries

Front 51

#51
These are characteristics of what type of capillary~
1. An enothelium riddled with pores
2. Greater permeability than other capillaries

Back 51

Fenestrated capillaries

Front 52

#52
These are highly modified, leaky, fenestrated capillaries with large lumens?

Back 52

Sinusoids

Front 53

#53
Sinusoids are found where?

Back 53

spleen, liver, bone marrow, lymphoid tissue, and in some endocrine organs.

Front 54

#54
Sinusoids allow large molecules (proteins and blood cells) to pas between the _____ and _____ _____.

Back 54

blood
surrounding tissues

Front 55

#55
These are a microcirculation of interwoven networks of capillaries.

Back 55

Capillary beds

Front 56

#56
_____ are metarteriole thoroughfare channel connecting an arteriole directly with postcapillary venule.

Back 56

Vascular shunts

Front 57

#57
_____ have 10 to 100 capillaries per capillary bed, and capillaries that branch off the metarteriole and return to the thoroughfare channel at the distal end of the bed.

Back 57

True capillaries

Front 58

#58
Cuff of smooth muscle that surrounds each true capillary and regulates blood flow into the capillary is _____ _____.

Back 58

Precapillary sphincter

Front 59

#59
Venules are formed when ______________.

Back 59

Capillary beds unite

Front 60

#60
What allows fluids and WBS's to pass from the bloodstream to tissues (same as capillaries)?

Back 60

Venules

Front 61

#61
These venules are the smallest, and are composed of endothelium and a few pericytes.

Back 61

Post Capillary venules

Front 62

#62
Which venules have one to two layers of smooth muscle (tunica media)

Back 62

large venules

Front 63

#63
These are formed when venules converge, they are composed of three tunics, with a thin tunica media and a thick tunica externa consisting of collegen fibers and elastic networks.

Back 63

Veins

Front 64

#64
These blood reservoirs contain 65% of the blood supply.

Back 64

Capacitance vessels

Front 65

#65
Veins have much lower ______ ______ and thinner ______ than arteries

Back 65

blood pressure
walls

Front 66

#66
What are the two special adaptions that veins have in order to return blood to the heart?

Back 66

1. Large-diameter lumens - which offer little resistance to flow.
2. Valves - resembling semilunar heart valves which prevent the backflow of blood

Front 67

#67
These are specialized, flattened veins with extremely thin walls (e.g. coronary sinus of the heart and dural sinuses of the brain)

Back 67

Venous sinuses

Front 68

#68
What are the merging blood vessels, more common in veins than arteries?

Back 68

Vascular Anastomoses

Front 69

#69
Arterial anastomoses provide alternate pathways (collateral channels) for _____________________.

Back 69

blood to reach a given body region.

Front 70

#70
If an alternate pathway is blocked, the ____ ____ can supply the area with adequate blood supply.

Back 70

collateral channel

Front 71

#71
_____ _____ is the actual volume of blood flowing through a vessel, an organ, or the entire circulation in a given period.

Back 71

Blood Flow

Front 72

#72
Blood flow is equivalent to ____ _____.

Back 72

Cardiac Output

Front 73

#73
_____ _____ is the force per unit area exerted on the wall of a blood vessel by its contained blood.

Back 73

Blood pressure

Front 74

#74
Blood pressure is expressed in

Back 74

millimeters of mercuy (mmHg)

Front 75

#75
Blood moves from -

Back 75

higher to lower pressure areas

Front 76

#76
Resistance is -

Back 76

opposition to flow

Front 77

#77
The three important sources of resistance are~

Back 77

blood
viscosity
diameter

Front 78

#78
The 2 resistance factors that remain relatively constant are~

Back 78

1. viscosity - stickiness of the blood
2. length - the longer the vessel , the greater the resistance

Front 79

#79
Fluid closer to the wall moves ____ than fluid in the center.

Back 79

slower

Front 80

#80
Small-diameter arterioles are major determinants of peripheral resistance which can change these two things~

Back 80

1. laminar flow
2. even a slight dilation or constriction can make a big difference.

Front 81

#82
If pressure increases then BF ___.
if pressure decreases then BF ____.

Back 81

increase
decreases

Front 82

#83
_____ is more important than _____ in influencing local blood pressure.

Back 82

Resistance
Pressure

Front 83

#84
Pressure results when flow is opposed by ______.

Back 83

Resistance

Front 84

#85
Systemic pressure is highest in the ______.

Back 84

Aorta

Front 85

#86
The steepest change in blood pressure occurs in the _____.

Back 85

areterioles

Front 86

#87
Arterial blood pressure reflects two factors of the arteries close to the heart. They are:

Back 86

1. Their elasticity (compliance & distensiblility)
2. The amount of blood forced into them at any given time.

Front 87

#88
Blood pressue in elastic arteries near the heart is _____.

Back 87

pulsatile

Front 88

#89
Pressure exerted on arterial walls during ventricular contraction is ________.

Back 88

Systolic Pressure

Front 89

#90
Lowest level of arterial pressure during a ventricular cycle is _______.

Back 89

Diastolic pressure

Front 90

#91
The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure is the _____ ______.

Back 90

pulse pressure

Front 91

#92
The pressure that propels the blood to the tissues is ____.

Back 91

Mean arterial pressure (MAP)

Front 92

#93
MAP =

Back 92

Diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure.

Front 93

#94
Low capillary pressure is desireable why?

Back 93

Because high BP would rupture fragile, thin-walled capillaries.

Front 94

#95
Is low or hih blood pressure sufficient to force filtrate out into intersitial space and distribute nutrients, gases, and hormones between blood and tissues.

Back 94

Low BP

Front 95

#96
This blood pressure is steady and changes little during the cardiac cycle.

Back 95

Venous blood pressure

Front 96

#97
The pressure gradient in the venous system is only about _____mmHg.

Back 96

20 mmHg

Front 97

#98
A cut vein has ____ blood flow.
A lacerated artery flows in _____.

Back 97

even
spurts

Front 98

#99
Venous BP alone is too low to promote adequate blood return and is aided by what 2 things?

Back 98

1. Repiratory pump
2. Muscular pump

Front 99

#100
Maintaining blood pressure requires cooperation of _____, _____, and ______; and supervision of the _______.

Back 99

heart
blood vessels
kidneys
brain

Front 100

#101
The three main factors influencing blood pressure are~

Back 100

cardiac output
peripheral resistance
blood volume

Front 101

#102
Blood Pressue =

Back 101

Cardiac output X Periheral Resistance

Front 102

#103
Cardiac Output is determined by ~

Back 102

venous return and neural and hormonal controls.

Front 103

#104
What is determined by venous return and neural and hormonal controls?

Back 103

Cardiac Output

Front 104

#105
What is controlled by the cardioinhibitory center via the vagus nerves?

Back 104

Resting heart rate

Front 105

#106
What is controlled by venous return (EDV)?

Back 105

Stroke volume

Front 106

#107
Short term controls of blood pressure have two functions. What are they?

Back 106

1. mediated by the nervous system and bloodborne chemicals.
2. counteract moment to moment fluctuactions in blood pressure by altering peripheral resistance.

Front 107

#108
Long term controls of blood pressure regulate ____ ____.

Back 107

Blood volume

Front 108

#109
Short term mechanisms are also known as ___ ____.

Back 108

neural controls

Front 109

#110
There are two neural controls of peripheral resistance:

Back 109

1. alter blood distribution in reponse to demans.
2. maintain MAP by altering blood vessel diameter

Front 110

#111
neural controls operate via reflex arcs invlving what three things?

Back 110

1. baroreceptors
2. vasomotor centers and vasomotor fibers
3. vascular smooth muscle

Front 111

#112
A cluster of sympathetic neurons in the medulla that oversees changes in blood vessel diameter is the ________ _______.

Back 111

Vasomotor center

Front 112

#113
sympathetic activity in the short term mechanisms of vasomotor activity causes?

Back 112

1. vasoconstriction and a rise in BP if increased
2. BP to decline to basal levels if decreased.

Front 113

#114
Vasomotor activity is modified by -

Back 113

baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, higher brain centers, bloodborne chemicals, and hormones.

Front 114

#115
Increased blood pressure stimulates the cardioinhibitory center to~
1.
2.

Back 114

1. increase vessel diameter
2. decrease heart rate, cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and blood pressure

Front 115

#116
Declining blood pressure stimualtes the cardioacceleratory center to~

Back 115

increase vessel diameter

Front 116

#117
Low blood in the short term mechanisms also stimulates the vasomotor center to ________.

Back 116

constrict blood vessels

Front 117

#118
Blood pressure is regulated by chemoreceptor reflexes sensitive to ____ and ____ ____.

Back 117

Oxygen & Carbon Dioxide

Front 118

#119
Prominent chemoreceptors are the ______ and _____ bodies.

Back 118

carotid & aortic

Front 119

#120
Reflexes that regulate blood pressure are integrated in the _______.

Back 119

medulla

Front 120

#121
Higher brain centers can modify BP via relays to medullary centers. They are the _____ and _____.

Back 120

cortex and hypothalamus

Front 121

#122
That are the two adrenal
medulla hormones?

Back 121

norepinephrine and epinephrine / They increase blood pressure

Front 122

#123
This hormone causes intense vaoconstriction in cases of extremely low blood pressure.

Back 122

ADH - Antidiuretic hormone

Front 123

#124
Angiotensis II - kidney release of renin generates angiotensis II, which causes _____.

Back 123

Vasocontriction

Front 124

#125
These are both vasoconstrictors

Back 124

endothelium - derived factors ~
endothelin
prostaglandin - derived growth factor ( PDGF)

Front 125

#126
Atrail natriuretic peptide (ANP), nitric oxide (NO), inflammatory chemicals (histamine, prstacyclin, and kinins-vasodilators), and alcohol are chemicals that

Back 125

decrease blood pressure

Front 126

#127
A condition with low BP in which systolic pressure is below 100 mmHg is _______.

Back 126

Hypotension

Front 127

#128
A condition of sustained elevated arterial pressure of 140/190 or higher

Back 127

Hypertension

Front 128

#129
A condition with low BP and dizziness when suddenly rising from a sitting or reclining position.

Back 128

Orthostatic hypotension

Front 129

#130
A condition of poor nutrition and warning sign for Addison's disease

Back 129

Chronic Hypotension

Front 130

#130
This condition is an important sign of curculatory shock.

Back 130

Acute hypotension

Front 131

#131
Risk factors of obesity, age, race, heredity, stress and smoking are signs of _____.

Back 131

Primary Hypertension

Front 132

#132
This is due to identifiable disorders, including excessive renin secretion, arteriosclerosis, and endocrine disorders.

Back 132

Secondary hypertension

Front 133

#133
Blood flow, or tissue perfusion is involved in 4 functions. That are they?

Back 133

1. delivery of oxygen and nutrients to and removal of waste from tissue cells
2. gas exchange in lungs
3. absorption of nutrients fromt he digestive tract
4. urine formation by the kidneys

Front 134

#134
Automatic adjustment of blood flow to each tissue in proportion to its requriements at any given point in time is _____.

Back 134

Autoregulation