Blood - A&p

Front 1

blood is a type of ______ tissue

Back 1

connective

Front 2

what does the blood transport throughout the body, and what does it help maintain?

Back 2

blood transports SUBSTANCES throughout the body, it helps MAINTAIN A STABLE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT.

Front 3

what are the 4 types of blood?

Back 3

RBC, WBC, Platelets, and Plasma

Front 4

a blood hematocrit (ratio of RBC to total volume) is normally __% cells and __% plasma.

Back 4

45% and 55%

Front 5

______ is a mixture of water, amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, hormones, electrolytes, and cellular wastes

Back 5

PLASMA

Front 6

red blood cells are known as as _______

Back 6

erythrocytes

Front 7

RBC are bioconcave disks that contain one-third of _____-____ ____ by volume

Back 7

one-third hemoglobin

Front 8

when oxygen combines with hemoglobin bright red ________ results

Back 8

oxyhemoglobin

Front 9

What does hemoglobin consists of?

Back 9

two alpha and two beta polypeptide chains, and four heme groups with Fe (iron) inside heme groups.

Front 10

deoxygenated blood is darker and is known as _________

Back 10

deoxyhemoglobin

Front 11

the number of RBC is a measure of the blood's _____-______ capacity.

Back 11

oxygen-carrying

Front 12

In the embryo and fetus RBC production occurs where?

Back 12

in the yolk sac, liver, and spleen

Front 13

After birth where does RBC production occur?

Back 13

Red bone marrow

Front 14

what is the average life span of RBC?

Back 14

120 days

Front 15

the total number of RBC remains relatively constant due to _____ ______ _____

Back 15

negative feedback mechanism

Front 16

which hormone is utilized in the RBC and is released from the kidneys and liver in response to the detection of low oxygen levels.

Back 16

erythropoietin

Front 17

erythropoietin hormone stimulates what?

Back 17

red bone marrow

Front 18

enhanced erythropoiesis increases what?

Back 18

RBC count

Front 19

low oxygen levels in the blood stimulate _____ to produce erythropoietin

Back 19

kidneys

Front 20

after erythropoietin promotes erythropoiesis in red bone marrow what happens next?

Back 20

new erythrocytes enter the bloodstream: function about 120 days.

Front 21

what happens to the aged and damaged RBC?

Back 21

they are engulfed by macrophages of liver, spleen, and bone marrow; the hemoglobin is broken down.

Front 22

raw materials are made available in the blood for ______ ______

Back 22

erythrocyte synthesis

Front 23

what is hemoglobin broken down to?

Back 23

heme (iron stored as ferritin, hemosiderin) (bilirubin) and Globin (amino acids)

Front 24

____ is bound to transferrin and released to blood from liver as needed for erythropoiesis

Back 24

Iron

Front 25

_____ is picked up from the blood by liver, secreted into intesetine in bile, metabolized to stercobilin by bacteria, and excreted in feces

Back 25

Bilirubin

Front 26

______ and _____ are needed for DNA synthesis, so they are necessary for the reproduction of all body cells, especially in hematopoietic tissue

Back 26

Vtiamin B12 and Folic Acid

Front 27

____ is needed for hemoglobin synthesis

Back 27

iron

Front 28

A deficiency RBC or quantity of hemoglobin results in _____

Back 28

anemia

Front 29

_____ in the liver and spleen phagocytize damaged RBC

Back 29

Macrophages

Front 30

Heme is decomposed to _____ which is stored and recycled

Back 30

iron

Front 31

_____ and ____ in heme is what is excreted in bile

Back 31

biliverdin and bilirubin

Front 32

White Blood Cells are also known as ______

Back 32

leukocytes

Front 33

WBC main function is what?

Back 33

help defend the body against disease.

Front 34

WBC are formed from ______

Back 34

hemocytoblasts

Front 35

how do you distinguish the five types of WBC that are circulating in the blood?

Back 35

size, granular appearance of the cytoplasm, shape of the nucleus, and staining characteristics.

Front 36

What are the FIVE types of WBC?

Back 36

1. Granular Neutrophils
2. Eosinophils
3. Basophils
4. Agranular monocytes
5. Lymphocytes

Front 37

____ is when oxygen decreases in cells

Back 37

hypoxia

Front 38

_____ is when oxygen becomes to great in the cells.

Back 38

synosis

Front 39

________ is when CO2 diffuses out of the cell membrane and hooks up with hemoglobin thru capillaries, this lowers hemoglobins affinity for oxygen

Back 39

carbaminohemoglobin

Front 40

what tells our body to produce more RBC?

Back 40

blood circulating through the KIDNEY, it reads the lack of oxygen, triggers a hormone response called erythropoietin and stimulate erythropoiesis and produces more RBC

Front 41

____when the about of Iron is increased by 10x and becomes deadly to the cells

Back 41

hemochromatosis

Front 42

what protein allows the folding of RBC?

Back 42

spectrin

Front 43

WBC production is stimulated by ______ and _____

Back 43

interleukins and colony stimulating factor

Front 44

where are WBC formed?

Back 44

Hemocytoblasts (stem cells)

Front 45

of the five types of WBC which are granular sites?

Back 45

neutrophile, basophils, and eosinophils

Front 46

of the five type of WBC which have NO GRANULES?

Back 46

a-granular monocytes, and lymphocytes

Front 47

what are the formed element(s) of blood?

Back 47

erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

Front 48

what are the liquid element(s) of blood?

Back 48

plasma

Front 49

____ have a red-staining fine cytoplasmic granules and a multi-lobed nucleus, they comprise 54%-62% of leukocytes

Back 49

Neutrophils

Front 50

______ is the chief phagocytic leukocyte (where its chews up bacteria)

Back 50

neutrophils

Front 51

______ have a coarse granules that stain deep red, a bi-lobed nucleus, and make up only 1-3% of circulating leukocytes.

Back 51

Eosinophils

Front 52

_______ in leukocytes helps destroy antigen antibody processes (wrong blood type_

Back 52

Eosinophils

Front 53

______ have fewer granules that stain blue; they account for fewer than 1% of leukocytes

Back 53

Basophils

Front 54

____ release histodine when there is damage causing inflammation in leukocytes

Back 54

Basophils

Front 55

____ is an anti-clotting agent

Back 55

Heparin

Front 56

_______ are the largest blood cells, have a variably-shaped nuclei, and make up 3-9% of circulating leukocytes

Back 56

Monocytes

Front 57

______ become macrophages in the body (leukocytes

Back 57

Monocytes

Front 58

______ are long-lived, have a large, round nucleus, and account for 25-33% of circulating leukocytes.

Back 58

lymphocytes

Front 59

_____ are the major player of immunity with a huge nucleus. leukocytes

Back 59

lymphocytes

Front 60

_____ leave blood stream go into interstitial fluid will become plasma cells. leukocytes

Back 60

lymphocytes

Front 61

____ become lymph node tissue, which mature into lymph node organs

Back 61

lymphocytes

Front 62

_____ is the passage of blood cells through the intact walls of the capillaries, typical accompanying inflammation

Back 62

diapedesis

Front 63

____ over-abundance of WBC

Back 63

leukocytsis

Front 64

____ low WBC count, included in AIDS

Back 64

leukopenia

Front 65

____ is a digestive enzyme that helps chew up

Back 65

lysosome

Front 66

Leukocytes can squeeze between cells lining walls of blood vessels by _____ and attack ___ and debris

Back 66

diapedesis; bacteria

Front 67

_____ over-growth of WBC, known as cancer of the blood

Back 67

leukemia

Front 68

__a___ and __b___ are phagocytic in WBC with ___b___ engulfing the larger particles.

Back 68

(a) neutrophils and (b) monocytes

Front 69

_____ moderate allergic reactions as well as defend against parasitic infections

Back 69

Eosinophils

Front 70

______ migarte to damaged tissues and release histamine to promote inflammation and heparin to inhibit blood clotting

Back 70

Basophils

Front 71

_____ are major players in specific immune reactions and some produce antibodies

Back 71

Lymphocytes

Front 72

a _____ WBC count can help pinpoint nature of the illness, indicating whether it is caused by bacteria or viruses.

Back 72

differential

Front 73

a differential WBC count lists the percentages of the types of _____ in a blood sample

Back 73

leukocytes

Front 74

_____ occurs after an infection when excess numbers of leukocytes are present

Back 74

leukocytosis

Front 75

all leukocytes have a life span of how many days? expect?

Back 75

1-8 days; expect lymphocytes-1year

Front 76

blood platelets are fragments of _______

Back 76

megakaryocytes

Front 77

_____ help repair damaged blood vessels by adhering to their broken edges

Back 77

platelets

Front 78

Platelet formation is controlled by ______ hormone

Back 78

thrombopoietin

Front 79

____ is the clear, straw-colored fluid portion of the blood.

Back 79

Plasma

Front 80

Plasma is mostly ___ but contains a variety of ____

Back 80

water; substances

Front 81

plasma functions to transport ___ and ____, regulate fluid and ____ balance, and maintain a favorable __.

Back 81

nutrients and gases; electrolyte balance; pH

Front 82

the ____ ____ are the most abundant dissolved substances in the plasma

Back 82

plasma protein

Front 83

plasma proteins are NOT used for ____

Back 83

energy

Front 84

what are the three groups of plasma protein?

Back 84

1. albumins
2. globulins
3. fibrinogen

Front 85

the ____ helps maintain the osmotic pressure of the blood and account for 60% of the plasma proteins.

Back 85

albumins

Front 86

the __a__, comprising 36% of plasma proteins, are designated are alpa, beta, and gamma _a_

Back 86

globulins

Front 87

___ and ____ globulins function in transporting lipids and fat-soluble vitamins

Back 87

alpha and beta

Front 88

____ ____ are a type of antibody (in the liver and lymph node tissues)

Back 88

gamma globulins

Front 89

____ (4%) plays a primary role in blood coagulation

Back 89

Fibrinogen

Front 90

the most important blood gases are ____ and ______

Back 90

oxygen and carbon dioxide

Front 91

the plasma nutrients include what?

Back 91

amino acids, monosaccharides, nucleotides and lipids.

Front 92

What do plasma nutrient include?

Back 92

amino acids, monosaccharides, nucleotides, and lipids

Front 93

Since lipids are not soluble in the water of the plasma, they are surrounded by protein molecules for transport through the bloodstream as _______

Back 93

lipoproteins

Front 94

Lipoproteins are classified on what basis?

Back 94

their densities

Front 95

The are the types of lipoproteins?

Back 95

HDL, LDL, VLDL, and chylomicrons

Front 96

____ and ____ ____ are the byproducts of protein and nucleic acid catabolism

Back 96

Urea and uric acid

Front 97

______ nitrogenous substances generally include amino acids, urea, and uric acid

Back 97

nonprotein

Front 98

_____ _______ are absorbed by the intestine or are by-products of cellular metabolism.

Back 98

plasma electrolytes

Front 99

what do plasma electrolytes include?

Back 99

sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate, and sulfate ions

Front 100

what are the plasma electrolyte ions important in maintaining?

Back 100

osmotic pressure and pH of the plasma.

Front 101

_______ refers to the stoppage of bleeding.

Back 101

Hemostasis

Front 102

Following injury to a vessel, three steps occur in hemostasis, what are they?

Back 102

1. Blood vessel spasm
2. Platelet plug formation
3. Blood coagulation

Front 103

What happens in a Blood Vessel Spasm? And what step is this in hemostasis?

Back 103

1. Cutting a blood vessel causes the muscle in its wall to contract in a reflex, or engage in a VASOSPASM
2. This reflex lasts only a few minutes, but it lasts long enough to initiate the second and third steps of hemostasis.

STEP 1

Front 104

What happens in Platelet Plug Formation? What step is this is hemostasis?

Back 104

1. Platelets stick to the exposed edges of damaged blood vessels, forming a net with spiny processes protruding from their membranes.

STEP 2

Front 105

What is a platelet plug most effective on?

Back 105

a small vessel

Front 106

What is the most effective means of hemostasis?

Back 106

blood coagulation

Front 107

what process in hemostasis is very complex and uses clotting factors?

Back 107

blood coagulation

Front 108

Damaged tissues release a chemical called tissue _______, which activates the first in a series of factors leading to the production of ______ ______

Back 108

THROMBOPLASTIN
PROTHROMBIN ACTIVATOR.

Front 109

______ ______ converts ______ in the plasma into thrombin. This in turn, catalyzes a reaction that converts fibrinogen into ____.

Back 109

PROTHROMBIN ACTIVATOR
PROTHROMBIN

FIBRIN

Front 110

The major event in blood clot formation is the conversion of soluble _____ into net like insoluble ____ causing the blood cells to catch.

Back 110

FIBRINOGEN; FIBRIN

Front 111

The amount of prothrombin activator formed is______ to the amount of tissue damage.

Back 111

proportional

Front 112

Once a blod clot forms, it promotes still more clotting through a _____ ______ system

Back 112

positive feedback

Front 113

After a clot forms, ______ invade the area and produce _____ throughout the clots.

Back 113

fibroblasts; fibrers

Front 114

A clot forms abnormally in a vessel it is known as? if it dislodges, it is known as?

Back 114

thrombus; embolus

Front 115

Clumping of red blood cells following transfusion is called what?

Back 115

agglutination

Front 116

_______ is due to the interaction of proteins on the surfaces of RBC (antigens) with certain antibodies carried in the plasma

Back 116

agglutination

Front 117

What groups of RBC produce only a few of the antigens in transfusion reactions?

Back 117

ABO group and Rh group

Front 118

Type A blood has what antigens on RBC and what antibodies in the plasma?

Back 118

A antigens and anti-B antibodies

Front 119

Type B blood has what antigens on RBC and what antibodies in the plasma?

Back 119

B antigens and anti-A antibodies

Front 120

Type AB blood has what antigens on RBC and what antibodies in the plasma?

Back 120

has both A and B antigens, nut no antibodies in the plasma

Front 121

Type O blood has what antigens on RBC and what antibodies in the plasma?

Back 121

neither antigen, but both types of antibodies in the plasma

Front 122

______ ______reactions are avoided by preventing the mixing of blood that contains matching antigens and antibodies.

Back 122

Adverse transfusion

Front 123

Adverse reactions are due to the ______ to red blood cells

Back 123

agglutination