A&p Ch 6

Front 1

6 functions of bone

Back 1

1.support

2. Protection

3. Assistance in movement

4.mineral homeostasis

5. Blood cell production only in red bone marrow found in spongy bone

6. Triglyceride storage

Front 2

Primary mineral salt in bone tissue

Back 2

Hydroxyapatite

Front 3

Calcification or mineralization

Back 3

When mineral salts stick to collagen fibers in bone

Front 4

Content of extracellular matrix of bones

Back 4

15% water, 30% collagen fibers, 55% crystallized mineral salts

Front 5

Where is spongy bone found

Back 5

Interior of short flat sesamoid and irregular bones as well as epiphysis of long bones.

Front 6

6 features of compact bone

Back 6

1. Close together, 80% of skeleton

2. Dense

3. Few spaces

4. Found under the periosteum and external layer of all bones and the bulk of the diaphysis

5. Provides protection and supports weight

6. Contains osteon

Front 7

6 Features of spongy bone

Back 7

1. Wide spacing, 20% of all of the skeleton

2. Porous with latticework called trabeculae

3. Interior of short flat sesamoid and irregular bones as well as epiphasis of long bones

4. Light and supports red bobe marrow for hemopoiesis specifically in hips sternum ribs vertebrae proximal end of humerus and femur

5. no osteon

6. Contains growth plate

Front 8

Perforating volkmans canal (compact bone tissue)

Back 8

Canal that runs horizontally that connects with central canal that runs vertically

Front 9

Central haversian canal (compact bone tissue)

Back 9

Contains repeating structural unit called osteon

Front 10

Concetric lamellae

Back 10

One layer of an osteon or central haversian canal

Front 11

Lacunae (compact bone tissue)

Back 11

“Little lake” between concetric lamellae that contains the osteocyte

Front 12

Canaliculi

Back 12

Little channels that connect the “little lakes” or lacunae

Front 13

Osteon (compact bone)

Back 13

Basic structural unit of compact bone

Front 14

Features of intramembranous ossification

Back 14

1. Bone forms directly from mesenchyme

2 happens most commonly in sheetlike layers of bone like in flat bones of the skull or mandible. Less common way of bone formation

3. Differentiates from osteogenic to osteoprogenetor to osteoblasts to create the collagen matrix.

4. Osteoblasts develop into osteocytes that become surrounded by calcified matrix

5. Trabeculae of spongy bone develop

6 periosteum develops and the compact bone in between the periosteum and spongy bone as well to form the bones surface

Front 15

Steps of Endochondral ossification

Back 15

1. Mesenchyme first becomes chondroblasts or cartilage that gets replaced by bone

2. Differentiates from chondroblasts which lay down the cartilaginous matrix to chondrocytes which promote growth in length.

3. Nutrient artery penetrates the middle stimulating osteogenic cells to become osteoblasts and form spongy bone.

4. Osteoclasts break down the lacunae and produce the medullary cavity.

5. Same process happens in the epiphyseal end except the spongy bone remains

6. Epiphyseal plate remains with hyaline cartilage that will be replaced with bone as the bone lengthens

Front 16

Minerals found in bone

Back 16

Calcium phosphorus magnesium and manganese

Front 17

Vitamins found in bone

Back 17

A C D K B12

Front 18

Features of the Zone of resting cartilage in the epiphyseal plate

Back 18

Nearest the epiphysis

Anchors plate to the epiphysis

Chondrocytes are resting and do not participate in bone growth

Front 19

Features of proliferating cartilage in the epiphyseal plate

Back 19

Chondrocytes arranged in stacks of coins undergoing mitosis

Front 20

Features of the zone of hypertrophic or maturing cartilage in the epiphyseal plate

Back 20

Contains larger mature chondrocytes in columns

Contains cells in various forms of maturation

Front 21

Features of the zone of calcified cartilage in the epiphyseal plate

Back 21

1.Dead chondrocytes surrounded by a calcified matrix

2. Osteoclasts dissolving the matrix

3. Osteoblasts and capillaries move in from the diaphysis to replace cartilage with bone

4. As a result, the diaphyseal border of the plate is firmly cemented to the bone of the diaphysis

Front 22

Human growth hormone

Back 22

Hormone made by the pituitary gland

Front 23

Insulinlike growth factor

Back 23

Produced by bone cells and also by the liver, these chemicals stimulate protein synthesis and growth of bones

Front 24

Open (compound) fracture

Back 24

Broken end of the bone protrudes through skin

Front 25

Closed or simple fracture

Back 25

When the fracture does not break the skin

Front 26

Comminuted

Back 26

Where the bone is splintered or crushed into pieces at the sight of impact

Front 27

Greenstick

Back 27

(Occurs only in children) where the bone is broken on one side and bends on the other

Front 28

Impacted fracture

Back 28

Where one end of the fracture is forcefully driven into the interior of the other end

Front 29

Pott fracture

Back 29

Fracture of the distal end of the lateral leg bone with serious injury of the distal tibial articulation

Front 30

Colles fracture

Back 30

Fracture of the distal end of the radius or forearm in which the distal fragment is displaced posteriorly

Front 31

Steps of bone repair

Back 31

1. Fracture hematoma forms as a result of blood clot. Phagocytes and osteocytes begin to clean the area

2. Fibrocartilaginous callus formation: New blood vessels move in and fibroblasts put down collagen and chondroblasts lay down cartilage to bridge broken bone

3. Bony callus is formed as osteogenic cells become osteoclasts that convert cartilage to spongy bone. Osteoclasts also dissolve any bone fragments

4. Bone remodeling. Callus is remodeled and compact bone replaces spongy bone and osteoclasts restore bone to its original shape.

Front 32

Bone and calcium homeostasis

Back 32

Blood needs to retain 1% calcium. If blood levels are too low, parathyroid hormone is released into the blood which stimulates the breakdown of bone that is absorbed into the blood. If the levels are too high, a hormone called calcitonin will be released into the blood which inhibits osteoclasts and stimulates osteoblasts which build more bone.

Front 33

Axial skeleton

Back 33

Skull hyoid bone auditory ossicles vertebral column thorax (sternum, ribs)

Front 34

Appendicular skeleton

Back 34

Pectoral shoulder girdles, clavicle, scapula, humerus, ulna radius carpals metacarpals phalanges hip pelvic and coxal bobe femur patella fibula tibia tarsals metatarsals and phalanges

Front 35

Flat bone examples

Back 35

Sternum scapula

Front 36

Irregular bone examples

Back 36

Ethmoid, coccyx

Front 37

Sesamoid bone examples

Back 37

Patella and pisiform of the carpals

Front 38

What are the areas of hematopoiesis

Back 38

Pelvis, vertebrae, cranium, sternum