A & P Lecture - Test 2 - Bone Tissue

Front 1

What is cartilage and what does it consist of?

Back 1

Cartilage is a type of connective tissue. It contains a matrix that consists of collagen and elastin fibers, and chondrocyte cells.

Front 2

What are the three types of cartilage?

Back 2

hyaline, fibrocartilage and elastic

Front 3

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

Back 3

ends of long bones, anterior ends of ribs, nose, embryo/fetus, parts of larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchial tubes

Front 4

where is elastic cartilage found?

Back 4

epiglottis, external ear, eustachian tubes

Front 5

where is fibrocartilage found?

Back 5

pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs, menisci

Front 6

what are the functions of bone?

Back 6

support, framework; protection of internal organs, assists with movement, mineral homeostasis, site of blood cell production, storage of triglycerides.

Front 7

what are the three minerals bone stores in order?

Back 7

Ca, PO4 (phosphate), Mg

Front 8

what are the parts of a long bone?

Back 8

diaphysis, epiphysis, epiphyseal plate, epiphyseal line, metaphysis, articular cartilage, periosteum, endosteum, medullary cavity

Front 9

what is found in the medullary cavity in a child vs. an adult?

Back 9

yellow blood marrow - adults
red blood marrow - kids

Front 10

mineralization, calcification and ossification are all different ways of describing what?

Back 10

the process by which bones harden initiated by osteoblasts

Front 11

what are osteoprogenitors?

Back 11

precursor cells, unspecialized stem cells which must undergo differentiation into osteoblasts

Front 12

what are osteoblasts?

Back 12

initiate calcification/bony matrix/bone building - eventually become trapped by matrix and differentiate into osteocytes

Front 13

what are osteocytes?

Back 13

mature bone cells used to maintain bone matrix

Front 14

what are osteoclasts?

Back 14

cells that break down the matrix of bone/bone resorption/bone destroying - needed for growth, repair and maintenance

Front 15

osteoclasts are under the control of which two hormones?

Back 15

calcitonin and parathyroid hormone

Front 16

which type of bone is dense and looks smooth and homogeneous?

Back 16

compact bone

Front 17

which type of bone has osteon-haversian system lamellae?

Back 17

compact bone

Front 18

which type of bone has a central/haversian canal?

Back 18

compact bone

Front 19

which type of bone has volkman's canals?

Back 19

compact bone

Front 20

what are volkman's canals?

Back 20

perforating canal which is a passageway for blood vessels/nerves from the periosteum

Front 21

True or false: only compact bone has lacunae which contain osteocytes?

Back 21

false, both compact and spongy bone have lacunae which contain osteocytes

Front 22

which type of bone contains canaliculi?

Back 22

compact bone

Front 23

which type of bone does not contain osteons and has open spaces filled with RBM?

Back 23

spongy/cancellous bone

Front 24

where is spongy bone found?

Back 24

short, flat and irregular shaped bones - epiphyseal ends of long bones, hips, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, skull

Front 25

which type of bone contains trabeculae?

Back 25

spongy bone

Front 26

what are the two mechanisms for making bone?

Back 26

endochondral and intramembranous ossification

Front 27

Where is compact bone found?

Back 27

covering entire bone and in diaphysis

Front 28

which type of ossification occurs in flat bones of skull, mandible and clavicles?

Back 28

intramembranous

Front 29

replacement of hyaline cartilage by bone happens in which type of ossification?

Back 29

endochondral

Front 30

which type of ossification happens in most bones of the body and base of skull?

Back 30

endochondral

Front 31

define interstitial growth

Back 31

lengthening of a bone, growth from within

Front 32

define appositional growth

Back 32

growth in width, increase in matrix

Front 33

describe the resting cartilage zone (3)

Back 33

nearest the epiphysis, does not function in bone growth, anchors epiphyseal plate to epiphysis

Front 34

describe the proliferation cartilage zone (2)

Back 34

looks like a stack of coins, divides to replace those that die

Front 35

describe the hypertrophy cartilage zone (3)

Back 35

arranged in columns, burst - releasing enzymes into matrix, stimulates calcification

Front 36

describe the calcification matrix zone (2)

Back 36

dead cells with calcified matrix, removed and replaced by bony matrix and cells

Front 37

what is remodeling of bone?

Back 37

ongoing replacement of old bone by new bone tissue

Front 38

where is hGH produced?

Back 38

anterior pituitary gland

Front 39

what action does hGH produce?

Back 39

stimulates bone growth - growth at epiphyseal plate

Front 40

where is Calcitonin produced?

Back 40

parafollicular cells in thyroid gland

Front 41

what action does CT produce?

Back 41

acts on osteoclasts in bone, inhibits them, stops bone resporption, increases Ca deposits from blood into bone to lower blood Ca levels

Front 42

where is PTH produced?

Back 42

parathyroid gland

Front 43

what action does PTH produce?

Back 43

acts on osteoclasts and kidneys. stimulates osteoclasts into bone resorption and signals kidneys to lower Ca levels in urine to increase blood Ca levels

Front 44

where is calcitriol produced?

Back 44

the kidneys

Front 45

what action does calcitriol produce?

Back 45

it acts on the intestines to increase calcium absorption from food

Front 46

name the major sutures

Back 46

coronal/frontal
sagittal
lambdoidal/occipital
squamosal/temporal

Front 47

where is the coronal/frontal suture located?

Back 47

between the frontal bone and both parietal bones

Front 48

where is the sagittal suture located?

Back 48

between the two parietal bones

Front 49

where is the lambdoidal/occipital suture found?

Back 49

between the parietal bones and the occipital bone

Front 50

where are the squamosal/temporal sutures found?

Back 50

between the temporal, parietal, occipital, and sphenoid bones

Front 51

what are the four major fontanels

Back 51

anterior/frontal
anterior lateral
posterior/occipital
posterior lateral

Front 52

where is the anterior/frontal fontanel located?

Back 52

between the two parietal bones

Front 53

where are the anterior lateral fontanels found?

Back 53

laterally, anterior, between the frontal, parietal, temporal and sphenoid bones