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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What was Anton van Leeuwenhoek accredited with?
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He discovered bacteria using a single lens microscope while examining pond water, developed first microscope.
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What was Robert Hooke accredited with?
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He discovered the cell using a compound microscope while looking at a thin slice of cork (from plants).
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What is Robert Brown accredited with?
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He discovered the nucleus, drew it
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What is Matthias Schleiden accredited with?
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He concluded all plants are made of cells
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What is Rudolf Virchow accredited with?
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He concluded new cells can be produced only by cell division.
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What is Lorenz Oken accredited with?
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He suggested new cells can only be made by cell division.
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What are the two types of Microscopes?
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Light and Electron
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What enables us to see shape and structure of a cell?
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Light Microscopes
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How many times can light microscopes magnify up to?
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1,000 Times
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What do Electron microscopes allow us to do?
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Magnify up to 2 mil times
Reveals cellular details Con- Specimen must be dead |
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What are the two types of Electron microscopes?
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Scanning EM- Surface Structures
Transmission EM- Inside details |
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All living things are made of what?
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Cells ie; smallest unit of life
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New cells come from where?
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Division of existing cells
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Are viruses living? If not why?
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No!, no cells
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Why must a cell be small?
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A small cell allows a workable surface area to allow nutrients and wastes to cross per it's volume
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A small cell has a greater ___________ to ____________ ratio than a large cell of the same shape
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Surface area , Volume
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What are some characteristics of All Cells?
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Plasma Membrane
Cytoplasm DNA Ribosomes Generally small in size creates high surface area to volume ratio |
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What are the two main types of cells?
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Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes
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Define Prokaryotic
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Pro=Before, Karyon=Kernel
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What kingdom are Prokaryotic cells found in?
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Monera (all single celled organisms are found here )
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Prokaryotic cells have no true ____________; lacks nuclear envelope/membrane
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Nucleus
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Where is the genetic material found in a Prokaryotic cell?
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Nucleoid region
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What are Prokaryotic cells also know as
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Prokaryotes
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When did they evolve and how big are they?
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They evolved first and are very small 1-10µm
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No membrane bound organelles-_______________(smaller) are their only organelle
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ribosomes
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Define Eukaryotic
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Eu=true, karyon=kernel
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What kingdoms are Eukaryotic cells found in?
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Animal, Plant, Fungi, Protist
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Eukaryotic cells have a true_________; bounded by nuclear envelope/membrane
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Nucleus
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Where is genetic material found in Eukaryotic cells?
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The nucleus
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What are Eukaryotic cells also called?
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Eukaryotes
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When did Eukaryotic cells evolve and how big are they?
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Evolved much later, they are larger 10-100µm
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Contains cytoplasm with___________ and _____________________ organelles
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nucleus, membrane-bound
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What are the main components of a typical bacterial (prokaryotic) cell?
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Pili, Nucleoid, Ribosomes, Plasma membrane, cell wall, capsule, flagella
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What part of bacteria does penicillin destroy?
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The cell wall
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What helps the bacteria in attachment?
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Capsules and pili (soil and teeth)
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What makes up a typical animal (eukaryotic) cell?
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Rough endoplasmic reticulum, Smooth endoplasmic reticulum, Nucleus, Nucleolus, Ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, Plasma membrane, Mitochondrion, Cytoskeleton (microtubule, intermediate, filament, microfilament), Peroxisome, Centriole, Lysosome, Flagellum
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What makes up a typical plant cell?
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Rough endoplasmic reticulum, Smooth endoplasmic reticulum, Nucleus, Nucleolus, Ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, Plasma membrane, Mitochondrion, Cytoskeleton (microtubule, intermediate, filament, microfilament), Peroxisome, Cell wall, Chloroplast. Central vacuole
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Describe the Nucleus
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Largest Organelle
Has double layered nuclear envelope around it (pores) Contains DNA, directs all cell activities |
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Describe the Smooth ER
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Synthesizes lipids
Processes toxins and drugs in liver cells Stores and releases calcium ions in muscle cells |
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Describe the Rough ER
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Attached ribosomes (rough) make proteins
Makes new membranes Proteins are pushed into lumen of ER inserted into membranes or transported in vesicles to other organelles |
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Describe the Golgi Apparatus
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Usually near the nucleus
Modifies, sorts, packages, and ships cell products Stacks of membranous sacs receive ER products -then ships them to other organelles or the cell surface for export |
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Describe Lysosomes
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Sacs of digestive enzymes
Used in white blood cells to destroy ingested bacteria Also used to recycle damaged organelles The reason you have a hand instead of a paddle The reason behind metamorphosis of a tadpole, caterpillar Abnormal lysosomes can be fatal (ex. tay sachs, pompe's disease) |
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Describe the Vacuoles
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Containers (food, waste, etc.)
Plant cells contain a large central vacuole (digestion and storage) Some protists have contractile vacuoles to pump out excess water |
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What are the two main energy converting organelles?
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Mitochondria, Chloroplasts
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Describe the Mitochondria
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Release energy from food
Cellular respiration: burning of food to make ATP for cellular work Found in all eukaryotic cells Have their own DNA, RNA, and Ribosomes Can reproduce themselves Maternal lineages thru mitochondrial DNA sequences |
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Describe Chloroplasts
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Convert solar energy to chemical energy (glucose)
Photosynthesis Found in plants, a few protists Also have own DNA and can reproduce on their own |
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What are some other plastids also with their own DNA?
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Chromoplasts (xanthophyll, carotene)
Amyloplasts (starch storage) |
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What do Microfilaments of actin do?
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Enable cells to change shape and move, lie just beneath cell membrane) 7nm big
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What do Intermediate filaments do?
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Reinforce the cell and anchor certain organelles 10 nm big
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What do Microtubules do?
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Provide rigidity and anchors for organelles and act as tracks for organelle movement. Clusters of them compose cilia, flagella, centrioles. 25 nm big
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Eukaryotic cilia and flagella:_____________ attachments on certain cells
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locomotor
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Cilia in _________ beat up to get trapped dirt/dust out (destroyed by ___________)
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Airway, Smoking
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Clusters of microtubules drive he whipping action of what organelles?
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Cilia and Flagella
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Cilia and flagella have a what arrangement? (cross section)
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9+2
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Centrioles (animal cell division) and basal bodies have a _____________ (cross-section)
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9+3
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Animal cells are embedded in an ____________ Matrix?
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Extracellular
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What does an Extracellular Matrix do?
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Binds cells together into tissues
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Plant surfaces and junctions are...?
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Supported by ridged cell walls made largely of cellulose
Connected by plasmodesmata (connecting channels of cytoplasm) |
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What do Tight Junctions do?
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Bind cells together into leakproof sheets
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What do Anchoring Junctions do?
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Link animal cells into strong tissues
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What do Gap Junctions do?
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Allow substances to flow from cell to cell
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What are the Manufacturing cells?
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Nucleus, Ribosomes, Rough ER, Smooth ER, Golgi Apparatus
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What are the Breakdown cells?
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Lysosomes (in animal cells and some protists), Peroxisomes, Vacuoles
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What are Energy Processing cells?
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Chloroplasts (in plants and some protists), Mitochondria
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What allows for the support, movement, and communication between cells?
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Cytoskeleton (including cilia, flagella, and centrioles in animal cells), Cell walls (in plants, fungi, and some protists), Extracellular matrix (in animals), Cell junctions
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How are Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes related?
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Plastids (chloroplasts) and mitochondria evolved from prokaryotes that came to live inside larger host cells (symbiosis). The hose and its symbionts are thought to be ancestors of modern eukaryotes.
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The Endosymbiont Theory state?
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Mitochondria and Chloroplasts were once free living bacteria - engulfed by ancestral eukaryote
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The Endosymbiont Theory is supported by what?
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Some prokaryotes live inside eukaryotes, Plastids and mitochondria have certain similarities with bacteria, about the same size, contain circular DNA, reproduce by binary fission, make some of their own proteins, have ribosomes similar to prokaryotic ribosomes, depend on host nuclear genes to supply information for making some of the proteins
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Lipids Manufactured here
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Smooth ER
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Small structure that makes protein
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Ribosome
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Contains Chromatin
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Nucleus
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Sac of enzymes that digest things
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Lysosome
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Carries secretions for export from cell
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Transport cell
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Breaks down drugs and toxins in liver
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Smooth ER
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Makes cell membranes
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Rough ER
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Cell control center
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Nucleus
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Ships products to plasma membrane, outside, or other organelles
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Golgi Apparatus
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May store water, needed chemicals, wastes, pigments in plant cell
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Central Vacuole
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Buds off from Golgi Apparatus
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Transport Vesicle
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Defective in Pompe's Disease and Tay-Sachs disease
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Lysosomes
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Proteins made and modified here for secretion from cell
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Rough ER
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Pumps out excess water from some cells
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Contractile Vacuole
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Non-membranous organelle
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Ribosome
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Takes in transport vesicles from ER and modifies their contents
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Golgi Apparatus
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Digests food, wastes, foreign substances
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Lysosome
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Surrounded by double layer of membrane with pores
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Nucleus
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How proteins, other substances get from ER to Golgi Apparatus
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Transport Vesicle
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Stores calcium in muscle cells
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Smooth ER
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Marks and sorts molecules to be sent to different destinations
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Golgi Apparatus
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Buds off Lysosomes
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Golgi Apparatus
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