Ap Biology - Campbell Chapter 4/5 - Carbon, Macromolecules

Front 1

What are the top 6 major elements found in living things?

Back 1

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur, and Phosphorus.

Front 2

What Swedish chemist made the distinction between organic compounds and inorganic compounds?

Back 2

Jöns Jakob Berzelius

Hint 2

He was a Swedish chemist.

Front 3

Which scientist tried to make an organic compound from inorganic elements and made urea, an organic compound present in urine of animals, but with cyanate that was extracted from animal blood.

Back 3

Friedrich Wöhler

Hint 3

He was a German chemist who studied with Berzelius.

Front 4

Which scientist used a lab simulation of chemical conditions on the primitive Earth to demonstrate spontaneous synthesis of organic compound could have been an early stage in the origin of life?

Back 4

Stanley Miller

Hint 4

A graduate student of harold Urey at the University of Chicago

Front 5

What is vitalism?

Back 5

The belief in a life force outside the jurisdiction of physical and chemical laws.

Front 6

What is mechanism?

Back 6

The view that all natural phenomena, including the processes of life, are governed by physical and chemical laws.

Front 7

What is a facet of carbon's versatility that makes large, complex molecules possible?

Back 7

It has a tetravalence because each of the 4 carbon atoms is an intersection point from which a molecule can branch off in up to four directions.

Hint 7

Each carbon atom has 4 valence electrons in a shell that holds 8, so it wants to complete its valence shell by sharing its 4 electrons with other atoms in covalent bonds.

Front 8

What is an organic molecule consisting only of carbon and hydrogen?

Back 8

hydrocarbon.

Hint 8

They are a major component of petroleum (a fossil fuel) and can undergo reactions that release a relatively large amount of energy.

Front 9

What is an isomer that differs in the covalent arrangements of their atoms?

Back 9

A Structural Isomer

Front 10

What is an isomer that has the same covalent partnerships, but differ in their spatial arrangements.

Back 10

A Geometric Isomer

Front 11

What do we call two molecules tat are mirror images of each other?

Back 11

Enantiomers

Front 12

What are functional groups?

Back 12

Components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions.

Front 13

What are six functional groups most important in the chemistry of life?

Back 13

Hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, and phosphate groups.

Front 14

What functional group are called alcohols, is polar because of an electronegative oxygen atom, and attracts water molecules?

Back 14

Hydroxyl (-OH)

Hint 14

A hydrogen atom is bonded to an oxygen atom then bonded to the carbon skeleton of the organic molecule.

Front 15

What functional group is called ketones and aldehydes (may be structural isomers with different properties).

Back 15

Carbonyl (>CO)

Hint 15

Some examples are Acetone, and Propanal.

Front 16

What functional group has acidic properties and has a covalent bond between oxygen and hydrogen so polar that hydrogen ions tend to dissociate reversibly?

Back 16

Carboxyl (-COOH)

Hint 16

Called carboyxlic acids an example is acetic acid.

Front 17

What functional group acts as a base and can pick up a proton from the surrounding solution?

Back 17

Amino (-NH₂)

Hint 17

An example is Glycine and they are called amines.

Front 18

What functional group has two sulhydryl groups that can interact to help stabilize protein structure?

Back 18

Sulfhydryl (-SH)

Hint 18

An example is ethanethiol.

Front 19

What functional group can transfer energy between organic molecules?

Back 19

Phosphate (-OPO₃H₂)

Hint 19

An example is glycerol phosphate.

Front 20

What is an organic phosphate that is the primary energy-transferring molecule in the cell?

Back 20

ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)

Front 21

What is the term for a giant molecule that can consist of thousands of covalently connected atoms?

Back 21

Macromolecule

Front 22

What is a lone molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds?

Back 22

Polymer

Front 23

What is a the building block of a polymer?

Back 23

Monomer

Front 24

What is a condensation reaction/dehydration reaction?

Back 24

A reaction where two molecules are covalently bonded to each other through loss of a water molecule

Front 25

What is hydrolysis?

Back 25

The process where polymers are disassembled into monomers. Bonds between monomers are broken by the addition of water molecules.

Front 26

What are the four main classes of large biological molecules?

Back 26

Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids.

Front 27

What are the building blocks of carbohydrates?

Back 27

Sugars, or, monosaccharides.

Front 28

What is the covalent bond formed between monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction to make a disaccharide called?

Back 28

A glycosidic linkage.

Front 29

What polysaccharide do many plants use to store glucose?

Back 29

Starch

Front 30

What polycsaccharide do humans use to store glucose?

Back 30

Glycogen in liver and muscle cells.

Front 31

What is cellulose?

Back 31

A major component of cell walls that enclose plant cells. It is an unbranched β glucose polymer.

Front 32

What linkage does starch use for its glucose monomers?

Back 32

The α (alpha) linkage.

Front 33

Lipids are hydrophobic. What does hydrophobic mean?

Back 33

They have little or no affinity for water. (water-fearing)

Front 34

What links the monomers in lipids?

Back 34

Ester linkage. (A bond between a hydroxyl group and a carboxyl group.)

Front 35

What is a fat constructed of?

Back 35

Glycerol and fatty acids.

Front 36

Difference between saturated and unsaturated

Back 36

Saturated means there are no double bonds between carbon atoms composing the hydrocarbon chain of the fatty acid making as many hydrogen atoms as possible bonded to the carbon skeleton.
Unsaturated means there are one or more double bonds.

Front 37

In phospholipids, which part, the head or the tail, is hydrophilic? Which part is then hydrophobic?

Back 37

The tails are hydrophobic and heads hydrophilic. Phospholipids are major components of cell membranes.

Front 38

Fats, phospholipids and steroids are all:

Back 38

Lipids

Front 39

Enzymes are a type of ___ and regulate metabolism by acting as ____ which ____ (slow down/speed up) chemical reactions by ____(lowering/raising) the activation energy.

Back 39

Protein, Catalysts, Speed Up, Lowering

Front 40

What are the building blocks of proteins?

Back 40

Amino Acids

Front 41

What are the levels of protein structure?

Back 41

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary

Front 42

What are the two main types of secondary structures in proteins?

Back 42

The α helix and β pleated sheet.

Front 43

The function of a protein is very dependent on its

Back 43

structure.

Front 44

In a DNA double helix model, what holds the base pairs together?

Back 44

hydrogen bonding

Front 45

What nitrogenous bases are members of the pyrimidine family?

Back 45

cytosine(C) and thymine(T)

Front 46

What nitrogenous bases are members of the purine family?

Back 46

adenine (A) and guanine (G)

Front 47

Nucleic acids are macromolecules that exist as polymers called ______ consisting of monomers called ____.

Back 47

polynucleotides, nucleotides.

Front 48

A nucleotide is made up of three parts

Back 48

nitrogenous bases, pentose (5 carbon sugar), and phosphate group.

Front 49

arrangement: Antiparallel

Back 49

The sugar-phosphate backbones of DNA run in opposite directions from each other. 3' --> 5'

Front 50

Not a protein:
A. hemoglobin
B. cholesterol
C. an antibody
D. an enzyme
E. insulin

Back 50

B. Cholesterol; it's not a protein.