Ap Bio Review Terms 1

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Active Transport

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Energy-requiring mechanism in which a transport protein pumps a solute across a cell membrane against its concentration gradient

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Aerobic Respiration

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Oxygen-requiring metabolic pathway that breaks down carbohydrates to produce ATP.

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Anaerobic Respiration

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Occurring in the absence of oxygen; oxygen-free respiration

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Autotroph

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Organism that makes its own food (using carbon from inorganic molecules such as CO2, and energy from the environment)

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Cell Wall

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Semi-rigid but permeable structure that surrounds the plasma membrane of some cells.

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Chloroplast

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Organelle of photosynthesis in the cells of plants and many protists. Its two outer membranes enclose the thelakoid membrane and stroma.

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Cytoskeleton

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Dynamic framework of protein filaments that support, organize, and move eukaryotic cells and their internal structures.

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Disaccharide

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Polymer of two sugar sub-units

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Diffusion

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Spontaneous spreading of molecules or ions in a liquid or gas

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Endergonic

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Describes a reaction that requires a net input of free energy to proceed.

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Exergonic

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Describes a reaction that ends with a net release of free energy.

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Eukaryote

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Organism that consists of one or more cells that characteristically have a nucleus.

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Endocytosis

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Process by which a cell takes in a small amount of extra-cellular fluid by the ballooning inward of its plasma membrane.

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Exocytosis

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Process by which a cell expels a vesicle's contents to extra-cellular fluid.

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Fat

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lipid that consists of a glycerol molecule with one, two, or three fatty acid tails.

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Flagella

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Long, slender cellular structures used for motility.;

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Fermentation

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Metabolic pathway that breaks down carbohydrates to produce ATP; does not require oxygen. Starts with glycolysis.

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Enzyme

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Protein or RNA that speeds up a chemical reaction without being changed by it.

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Golgi Apparatus

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Organelle that modifies polypeptides and lipids; also sorts and packages the finished products into vesicles.

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Heterotroph

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Organism that obtains carbon from organic compounds assembled by other organisms.

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Intermediate Filaments

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Stable cytoskeletal elements that structurally support cells and tissues.

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Krebs Cycle

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Cyclic pathway that, along with acetyl-CoA formatio, breaks down pyruvate to carbon dioxide during aerobic respiration. In eukaryotes, occurs in mitochondrial matrix.

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C4 Plant

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Type of plant that minimizes photo-respiration by foxing carbon twice, in two cell types.

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Lipid

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Fatty, oily, or waxy organic compound

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Lysosome

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Enzyme-filled vesicle that functions in intracellular digestion of waste, debris, and ingested particles.

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Lactic Acid Fermentation

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Anaerobic carbohydrate breakdown pathway that produces ATP and lactate.

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Monosaccharide

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Simple sugar that can be used as a monomer of polysaccharides.

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Mitochondria

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Organelles that produce ATP by aerobic respiration in eukaryotes.

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Microtubules

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Cytoskeletal elements involved in cellular movement; hollow filaments of tubulin subunits.

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Microfilaments

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Reinforcing cytoskeletal elements; fibers of actin subunits.

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Osmosis

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The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane in response to a concentration gradient.

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Glycolysis

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Set of reactions in which glucose or another sugar in broken down to two pyruvate for a net yield of two ATP.

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Phospholipid

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A lipid with a phosphate group in its hydrophilic head, and two nonpolar fatty acid tails; main constituent of eukaryotic cell membranes.

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Polysaccharide

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Polymer of monosaccharides; e.g. cellulose, starch, or glycogen.

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Ph Scale

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A measure of the number of hydrogen ions in a fluid.

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Prokaryote

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A member of one of the two single-celled lineages (bacteria and archaea) that do not have a nucleus.

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Plasma Membrane

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A cell's outermost membrane

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Peroxisome

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Enzyme-filled vesicle that breaks down amino acids, fatty acids, and toxic substances.

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Photosynthesis

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Metabolic pathway by which most autotrophs use light energy to make sugars from carbon dioxide and water.

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Redox

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Oxidation-reduction reaction, in which one , molecule accepts electrons (it becomes reduced) from another molecule (which becomes oxidized).

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Ribosome

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Organelle of protein synthesis. Has two subunits that consist of rRNA and proteins.

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Steroid

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Type of lipid with four carbon rings and no fatty acid tails.

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Stroma

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Semifluid matrix between the thylakoid membrane and the two outer membranes if a chloroplast. The light-independent reactions take place in it.

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Thylakoid Membrane System

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A chloroplast's highly folded inner membrane system; forms a continuous compartment in the stroma. The light-dependent reactions occur at the thylakoid membrane.

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Nucleus

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Of a eukaryotic cell, a double-membraned organelle that encloses the cell's DNA.

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Alcoholic Fermentation

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Anaerobic carbohydrate breakdown pathway that produces ATP and ethanol.

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Vacuole

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A membrane-enclosed, saclike organelle filled with fluid; functions to isolate or dispose of waste, debris, or toxins.