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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Capitalist world economy
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Profit-oriented global economy based on production for sale.
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World Systems Theory (its parts and how it works)
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Social system based on wealth/power differentials transcends individual countries. Three parts (core, semi-periphery, periphery). Monopolizes profitable activities exploits other parts of system.
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Neoliberalism
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“Unregulated capitalism” no government involvement. Individual responsibility versus common good.
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Global workforce
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Migration of skilled jobs and production; importation of cheap labor and goods.
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NAFTA and its effects on Mexican and American workers
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US can produce cheaper goods in Mexico. US can export crops and undercut Mexican markets. Mexican farmers hit hard. US dictates trade relations.
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NAFTA impacts on Latin American families
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Undocumented migration streams. Men and women migrate and leave children behind. US economic policies have disrupted family and community structure.
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Prevention Through Deterrence
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Make the border easy to cross but in dangerous environment.
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Structural Violence and Migrant Death in the Desert
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Violence that is indirect; no one individual is responsible for it. 6000+ bodies recovered since late 1990s by the body.
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Taphonomy and Migrant Deaths
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Previous research on desert decomposition has been
minimal. Scavenging and skeletonization more rapid than expected. Bones and personal effects scattered widely. |
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Soundscape
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Sonic environment consisting of both natural and human-made sounds
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Movie Barfly and sound
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certain elements amplified, capture soundscapes.
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Physical experience of music
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sounds connect people on social and personal level to other places and other times.
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Music as part of material culture of home (Taachi)
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argues to think about sound as experienced as part of material culture of home (and other contexts- work, bus, torture chamber, etc.)
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What can sound do?
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sound does social work, can fill space and time, reference of memories and feelings, places, other times. Ground someone in present, help establish and maintain identities, used as a marker of time, moves through time, is time-based medium.
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Social silence
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Lake of social interactions but not necessarily lack of all noise. Can be positive or negative. Can allow for contemplation of sociality, silence can remind us of lack of sociality. Radio and music can combat this.
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Imperialism
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Policy of extending rule of a nation/empire over foreign nations, taking/holding foreign colonies. Old as Aztecs.
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Colonialism
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refers to the political, social, economic, and cultural domination of a territory and its people by a foreign power for an extended period of time. Began 15th century exploration of New World.
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British Colonialism
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Resources and new markets (profits) fueled British colonialism. American Revolution ended it.
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White Man’s Burden
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Native peoples not capable of governing themselves; need white British to provide and maintain order.
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French Colonialism
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State-church-military driven, rather than by business.
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Mission Civilsatrice
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spread French culture, language, and religion
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Indirect Rule
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governing through native political structure and leader.
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Direct Rule
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imposing new governments upon native populations
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Intervention Philosophy and problems associated with it
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ideologival justification for interference in the lives of natives. Assumes interveners possess superior way of living or thinking.
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Music as a weapon
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If sound is experienced physically, it can cause bodily harm. Acoustic/Sonic weapons: use sound to injure, incapacitate, or kill an opponent.
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LRAD
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Capable of projecting “strip of sound” at average of 120 DB up to 1000 meters. Can fire short bursts of “intense acoustic energy” at crowds to incapacitate people via spatial disorientation. Painful to ears and body, nosebleeds, etc.
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No Touch Torture
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Stress positions and sound used to break people down psychologically. Become powerless, dependent, and unable to resist. More efficient than beatings or starvation. Leaves no marks.
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Music as torture
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Key in interrogations of inmates and detainees. High volume music combined with sleep deprivation, extreme temp, and stress position in dark room.
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Role of Producer and Engineer
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Key role in musical production process. Run recording machinery, dictate what is recorded, how it is recorded, how it is presented. Similar to what ethnographer does when collecting, editing, analyzing, and presenting data.
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Porcello article on Austin music
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Austin “ethos” = live performance, sincerity, “authenticity.” Recording and production techniques used by local musicians are reflection of Austin culture. Austin prefers “live” sounding drums. Goal is to bridge “live” with sound control.
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Neil Young on Saturday Night live and role of PPD and TPD
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PPD provides rhythm section microvariation (not perfect timing). TPD: micro-variations in tuning and pitch (sound, tone, timbre). They are parts of normal hearing and presentation and participatory music.
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PPD and TPD (Porcello)
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imperfections signal humanness, reality, and possibility.
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“Live” sounds and recording techniques—how is live sound achieved in studio, why is it hard to record live sounds, what role do microphones, producers, play in recreating “live” sound
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Rhythm tracks recorded live and simultaneously, while solos and vocals are overdubbed. Placing microphones further away created ambience and feels “roomy. ”
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Nashville versus Austin sound and role of PPD and TPD
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Austin= Liveness signified by drum “roominess,” rhythm variation, not perfect pitch. Nashville=clean-crisp antithesis of Austin’s live and “sincere.” Nashville downplays TPD and PPD.
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Communitas
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Intense community spirit, feeling great social solidarity, equality, and togetherness. Similar to multiculturalism, religion creates social divisions within and between cultures.
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Durkheim and religious effervescence
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our religious nature is our social nature. As social beings we impart sacrality onto the empirical world. Shared experience sustains and strengthens solidarity and community.
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Rites of passage (stages)
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Ritualized change in status, identity, life stage. Three stages: Separation, liminal stage (marginality), aggregation (reincorporation).
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Rituals (characteristics)
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Special social behavior. Formal=stylized, repetitive, and stereotyped. Performed in sacred spaces and times. Liturgical orders –set sequences of words and actions invented previously. Social acts, convey information about participants and traditions, translate enduring messages, values, sentiments into observable acts.
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Sexual dimorphism
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differences between males and females besides sexual organs. Not as pronounced in humans as in most other primates.
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Primary and secondary sexual characteristics
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primary genitals and reproductive organs, secondary
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Sex and biology
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sex differences are biological while gender differences are cultural.
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Gender
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cultural construction of male and female characteristics. Behavioral and aesthetic characteristics, traits that differentiate men and women.
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Gendered Material culture
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Objects, behaviors beind “gendered.” Boy’s toys—cars, superheroes, girl’s toys—dolls, makeup. Activities associated with gender impact people’s worldviews.
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Socialization, elicitation, and mimicking (gender)
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Socialization You are taught how to behave like a proper man or woman. Mimicking
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Feminization of bass playing
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Sporadic female players prior to 1970’s. New Wave and Punk offered new opportunities in 1970’s and 80’s. DIY attitude, spirit of transgression. Violation of mainstream rules. Women disproportionately represented as bass players. Bass was easiest instrument, less male interest. Easiest way for women to get into bands.
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Occupational segregation
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Women get jobs in occupations that experience shortage of “suitable” male workers. Gain access to jobs men no longer want. Produces emergence of female specialists rather than distribution of women throughout occupation.
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Gender stereotypes about female bass players (Clawson article)
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Bass playing seen as less rigorous, less skill required to play well. Assumption that ease of learning is important for women, prefer lower skill requirement, faster learning curve. Partly based on fact that women begin playing instruments and joining bands at later age than men. Argued that women are better bass players because of better sense of rhythm.
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Prejudice
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Devaluing group because of assumed attributes.
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Discrimination
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Policies and practices that harm a group and its members.
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De jure versus de facto discrimination
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Dejure is part of the law, Defacto practiced but not legal.
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Institutional Discrimination
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Programs, policies, and institutional arrangements that deny equal rights and opportunities to, or differentially harm, members of particular groups.
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Language characteristics
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Symbolic and communication system. Written and oral. Open, creative, flexible, and allows for communication of new ideas and abstract concepts.
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Language and symbols
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symbols are images, words, behaviors that express ideas too complex to be stated directly. Often have no obvious relationships to the things they represent.
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Conventionality
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association between a meaningful sequence of sounds and what it stands for in human language. We associate meaning with words, sequence, intonation, etc.
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Bloody Insertion Rule
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Conventionality in language means we agree on grammar rules. Where would you place the “f word’ in Minnesota? Answer: Minne-f-sota. Expletive must come before syllable with primary stress. You don’t think about this rule but you follow it.
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Displacement
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Ability of language to convey information about something no in the immediate environment (past, future, distant areas)
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Kinesics
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Non-verbal communication
the study of communication through body movements, stances, gestures, and facial expressions. |
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Code switching
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switch between languages, dialects, or style within a single conversation. Influenced by context (social situation).
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Chingaderas (Limon chapter)
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Spanish verb chingar means “to f*ck; to screw” but has lots of other meanings. Chingaderas are form of language play; refer to “f*cking around” with someone in playful way. Humor, expletives, irony, self-deprecation that color many people’s stories.
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Language acquisition in children
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We learn language as children (genetic hardwiring). Learn language by applying unconscious universal grammar to the sounds they hear.
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Chomsky and universal grammar
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Children learn languages without formal instruction, short period of time, regardless of how well they perform other mental tasks, by deduction rather that by imitation or memorization.
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Feral children and language acquisition
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locked in room alone for over 10 years. Missed critical learning period for language. Highly intelligent yet unable to master basics of language. Couldn’t learn grammar.
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Phenotype
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In US, race is primarily based on phenotype. We immediately make assumptions based on appearance. Phenotypes are misleading.
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Race versus ethnicity
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Often incorrectly used interchangeably. Ethnicity usually self-identified, sometimes empowering. Race is usually forced, often abused. Everybody has a “race’ not everyone has an “ethnicity.”
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Hypodescent
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automatically places child of members of two groups into minority group. Helps divide US society into groups with unequal access to wealth, power, and prestige.
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Achieved versus ascribed status
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Achieved you work for it, ascribed you’re born with it.
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Race in Brazil versus U.S.
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Brazil based on socioeconomic status, individual’s parents, and an individual’s phenotype. Over 500 racial labels, racial categories are fluid. Attempt to describe physical variation. US based on primarily phenotype. Fixed at birth and does not change during individual’s lifetime.
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Ethnicity
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Based on intra-group similarities and inter-group differences. Share beliefs, values, habits, name, customs, and norms.
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Index features
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Easily seen and understood traits of ethnic group, sets them apart (language, phenotype, clothing, food, geography.)
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Herbet Gans and Symbolic ethnicity
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Nostalgic allegiance to the culture of the immigrant generation. Pride in tradition/culture that can easily be graphed onto daily life (commodity-not lifestyle). “Rediscovering ethnicity” probably means that assimilation is well under way.
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Pluralism
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Ethnic and racial differences okay as long as diversity does no threaten to dominate culture. Tolerations (not accepts or appreciates)
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Multiculturalism
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group membership in culturally defined groups within nation state.
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How are British and American drum sounds made
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USA Mix=”sounds like” standing in audience facing drummer, hi-hat right. English Mix=”sounds like” standing behind drummer, facing audience, hi-hat left
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High Fidelity Music
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musical sounds heard on recordings that represent (index) live performances. Most rock music is intended to be HF. Recording of live performance to be seen/heard later as some representation of that event.
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