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18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the classic features of Archaic Humans?
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1. Supraorbital torus (SOT)
- Reduced, more separated 2. Less postorbital constriction 3. Thinner, higher cranial vault - Sloping forehead 4. Intentional burial (350 kya) - Homo heidelbergensis (Atapuerca, SPAIN) |
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What are the classic features of Neanderthals?
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1.Occipital bun
2.large nasal opening 3.robust/ compact body shape 4.“Unibrow” or “arched” SOT |
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What cultural behaviors are linked to modern humans?
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1. Music (35 kya)
2. Portable Art - Sungir, Russia (30 kya) - Self-Representation 3. Cave Art Site: Lascaux Cave, France 4. Clothing - Body lice 72 -42 kya - Burials 30 kya - Needles 20 kya |
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Which hominids had a generalized diet?
Specialized? |
Generalized diets:
Australopithecines - Omnivores Specialized diets: Paranthropus - nuts, grasses, seeds - Dietary hypothesis |
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Where are the earliest forms of AMHs found?
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150,000 years ago in Africa.
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What's the importance of the "Taung" baby fossil? What species is it found in?
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First juvenile skull and endocast.
- “Missing link between apes and humans” It is the fossilized skull of a young Australopithecus africanus individual. |
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When did Homo erectus leave Africa? Challenges faced? Distinguishable behaviors?
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Homo erectus left Africa 2 mya.
Challenges: Faced these new and cold environments. Distinguishable behaviors that allowed them to flourish: – Ate meat unlike earlier hominids such as paranthropus - Controlled the use of fire. (500 kya or 500,000 years ago) – Homo erectus used Acheulean tools. |
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What was the significance of "Dragon Bone Hill" or Zhoukodian, China?
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Gave evidence that Homo erectus:
- Controlled use of fire (oldest= Israel 900 kya) - “Exotic” artifacts - Tool making site |
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Where are Archaic humans found? Where are the oldest archaics found? What are some “classic” features? What do we know about their culture?
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Archaic humans are found in Africa and Eurasia but not in Southeastern Asia.
Oldest archaics are found in Africa. Classic Features: 1. Supraorbital torus (SOT) - Reduced, more separated 2. Less postorbital constriction 3. Thinner, higher cranial vault - Sloping forehead 4. Intentional burial (350 kya) - Homo heidelbergensis (Atapuerca, SPAIN) Culture: 1. Lived in caves, rock shelters: - Fortification - Windbreak 2. Open air sites: - Making tool areas - Communal areas 3. Levallois Technique |
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What is the dietary hypothesis?
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- This hypothesis says that Parathropus became extinct since we needed more energy in order to maintain our EQ ratio (Big head relative to small body). This can only be done through consuming better quality diet of meat protein and plant material.
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What's the importance of the anatomy of A. sediba's hand?
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The A. sediba’s hand has a precise grip. - showed that it could have made or used tools.
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What was the significance of the fossil "Handy Man" and what homo species was it related to?
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Evidence that the species used tools.
Related to Homo habilis who used Olduwan tools. |
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What is the RAO-replace evidence - genetically, and fossil evidence?
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Genetic Evidence:
Mitochondrial Eve - - African DNA swamps all other DNA in modern humans today - No genetic contributions from Archaics from Asia and Europe African DNA swamps all other DNA in modern humans today No genetic contributions from Archaics from Asia and Europe Fossil Evidence: Earliest AMH from Africa (~200 kya): - Suggests spread out of Africa and developed into regional forms over time - No interbreeding with Archaic forms - Today, are no Archaic traits in human pops. |
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Which one has the strongest evidence and which is more conflicting? RAO-replace or RAO-hybrid?
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RAO-replace = strongest evidence
RAO-hybrid = conflicting evidence |
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What are the genetic and fossil evidence for RAO-hybrid?
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Genetic:
Neandertal (European) studies: - May share a lot of DNA with AMH (ala Paabo) - May not share any DNA with AMH (earlier studies) Fossil: one case of mixture AMH and Neandertal mix of features |
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What evidence do we have that Neanderthals are separate species from humans?
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- MtDNA evidence (common ancestor 500 kya)
Implication: AMH replaced or coexisted w/ Neandertals Shows we have a common ancestor 500 kya which is not close to the earliest AMHs (150 kya) in Africa. |
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What evidence do we have that Neanderthals are subspecies from humans?
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Fossil evidence (mix of traits) and genomic evidence
- Subspecies of humans - Implication: AMH and Neanderthals interbred |
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Why is it problematic to be bipedal from an evolutionary standpoint? Modern human issues?
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Problems include:
1. Highly visible to predators. 2. Slow moving, energy wasting. 3. Injury-prone. 4. Birthing Modern human issues: 1. Choking - obstruction of flow of air 2. Weak back --Slipped disks --Lower back pain 3. Weak, exposed abdomen 4. Obstetric difficulties - dealing with reproductive problems. 5. Hemorrhoids 6. Weak knees 7. Varicose veins - swollen, twisted veins with abnormal collection of blood. 8. Fallen arches (flat feet) - no normal arch while standing. |
