Anthro 101 Final Exam

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Fairytale

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Fictional story, made up to teach principles.

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Legend

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Historical person/historical event we blow it out of proportion

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Myth

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Historical human person that has experience with supernatural being/force. Ex: Joseph Smith

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3 Important Myths - meaning?

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Cosmogonic
Eternal Return
Hero's Journey

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In the Supernatural (being- you can see it/force- can’t see it, always amoral (neutral, can be used for good and evil)) world there are two types that come in:

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Sacred/ Demonic

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The sacred beings will not come into this world because it is a polluted world because of sin and misbehavior- they will meet them in a clean, or sanitized place called:

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Axis Mundi

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What is Axis Mundi?

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Theophany- medium between this world and the spiritual world. Ex: temple.

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What is Theophany?

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one on one account/ visit with a supernatural being. Ex: Joseph Smith.

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We divide the Axis Mundi into two halves or parts:

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Domus Ecclessaie: (ward, stake center, conference center, cathedral, mosque)-
A motion of social status, leaders and followers.
Supernatural beings do not dwell here, they are invited here by prayer. Then close by prayer.

Domus Dei: the dwelling of god where god can come and dwell. (ex: temple)
You need to be invited to go here by deity. Ex: Temple recommend required.
No sense of social status, here everyone is considered equal. Ex: we are all wearing white.

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In Hinduism they call the Axis Mundi consistent of the two parts:

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Tirtha

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Every society has a:

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Story/myth that talks about how things were created.

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Ritual or ceremony is the dramatization/ reenactment of

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the story/myth.

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The most common symbol in these stories is

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BODIES

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Examples of body as a symbol:

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right hand/ left hand. (technical- expressive) you sit on the RIGHT hand of god. The prophet sits in the middle- on the right hand it is his 1st counselor, on this left is his 2nd counselor.

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What is revealed on a ceremonial occasion: (Relate to sacrament meeting/general conference)

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Social order is made clear
Relationships are defined
Knowledge revealed

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Life in most religions going from the mortal to the post mortal is a Rite of Passage

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(3 phases: Separation, Liminal- education, reincorporation) Separation from heaven, Liminal (education)- learn on this earth, reincorporation back into heaven.

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The good stories last for a very long time- these stories that teach people how to behave. If you don’t have good stories (about greed, self interest, etc) people are going to

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destroy each other, clashes. These stories are about survival of the group, how they need to behave correctly.

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2 parts of Axis Mundi

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Domus Ecclesiae (Domain of Social Status) ex: chapel, stake center, conference center. Deity does not live here, Deity is invited to come into here. The 2nd part is Domus Dei (Domain of equality)- Deity invites people to attend here. Ex: the temple.

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Ritual- dramatization of the story comes in three forms-

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Magic
Shamanism - manipulation of supernatural spirit
Religion - worship of supernatural spirits

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3 types of magic

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Pure
Imitative
Contagious

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Law of Causation - different kinds of causation?

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Forward positive - given to another person
Positive backward - returning a kiss/gift
Negative forward - harm via rape, transferred body fluids
Negative backward - you get honked at so you flip them off back

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2 principles that comes out of the law of contagion:

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Includes- all share common background
Excludes- you are not a member

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The law of contagion unites and

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separates

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4th kind of Magic

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Witchcraft- the person does not know that they have the unconscious ability to harm someone magically. Anything that they can’t explain, a second explanation or second spear that gives them a sense of control. Ex: it was her time to die, god’s will.

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Magic (I/ Me)- Control the situations in your life by

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manipulating the supernatural foces. Supernatural SS

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Cosmology

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the place that you go to find a belief in a society- story/ myth/ belief
Every society has a story or myth of how the world is created. That is called Cosmogonic- story of the creation of earth/ humanity

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Cosmogonic Stories told in two ways through two different ways:

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Protagonist
Antagonist

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The crossroad between the natural and the supernatural is the

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Axis Mundi

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Axis mundi split in two areas:

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Domus Ecclesiae- Deity gets invited to come through a prayer, but in that place the congregation has leaders who sit in the front. Sense of rank, social order.
3 things made manifest:
Social order made clear
Relationships defined
Based upon the way that they are sitting. Prophet in the middle. Their first counselor on their right hand and second counselor on the left.
Lay members- the people in the audience.
Knowledge Revealed about the group
Myths, stories, rituals expressed
Domus Dei- where the Deity lives, they don’t just visit. LDS people it’s a temple.
No sense of rank
You get invited to come into the Domus Dei based upon your belief and your practice.

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Magic- manipulation of a supernatural force or power, force is always

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amoral.

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Four forms of Magic

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PURE MAGIC - the belief that if you can control a natural object it is a manifestation of your ability to manipulate the supernatural force.
IMITATIVE MAGIC - ng else. Where you are imitating something. In LDS- act like Christ because one day you can be just like him. Or Commercial the idea that once you wear those shoes you will be exactly like them.
CONTAGIOUS MAGIC - The Law of Contagion- Based upon the belief that something that has been in contact with somebody and is removed from them still influences them. Or in other words- Once in contact, always in contact.
WITCHCRAFT MAGIC - The person doing witchcraft has no clue how they hurt someone. They didn’t know that they could.

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Four Social Functions of Witchcraft

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1. Explains unfortunate events. It gives a reason why something bad happened. Another explanation that comes out of the supernatural world. We say: that was bad luck, it was their time, it was god’s will, and they have a calling.
2. Brings social tensions out into the open so that they can be fixed. Because if they are not fixed they get worse/ can grow.
3. It corrects behavior of the person whose misbehaved. It makes them not want to do it again.
4. Witchcraft accusations tended to follow lines of tension. People who you spend the most time with. Siblings, close friends, parents and children, couples. Those are the people that are being accused of witchcraft. You want to resolve the social tension that you are in so that you are not called a witch

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One word to characterize magic-

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CONTROL- Magic is about an individual who are trying to control their issues in their life.

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Four forms of Magic

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PURE MAGIC - the belief that if you can control a natural object it is a manifestation of your ability to manipulate the supernatural force.
IMITATIVE MAGIC - ng else. Where you are imitating something. In LDS- act like Christ because one day you can be just like him. Or Commercial the idea that once you wear those shoes you will be exactly like them.
CONTAGIOUS MAGIC - The Law of Contagion- Based upon the belief that something that has been in contact with somebody and is removed from them still influences them. Or in other words- Once in contact, always in contact.
WITCHCRAFT MAGIC - The person doing witchcraft has no clue how they hurt someone. They didn’t know that they could.

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Shamanism- (I/ We) ability to manipulate a

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supernatural being

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Four Social Functions of Witchcraft

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1. Explains unfortunate events. It gives a reason why something bad happened. Another explanation that comes out of the supernatural world. We say: that was bad luck, it was their time, it was god’s will, and they have a calling.
2. Brings social tensions out into the open so that they can be fixed. Because if they are not fixed they get worse/ can grow.
3. It corrects behavior of the person whose misbehaved. It makes them not want to do it again.
4. Witchcraft accusations tended to follow lines of tension. People who you spend the most time with. Siblings, close friends, parents and children, couples. Those are the people that are being accused of witchcraft. You want to resolve the social tension that you are in so that you are not called a witch

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How does a shaman manipulate a supernatural being?

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The Supernatural being takes over the body of the Shaman. The Shaman becomes the supernatural being.

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One word to characterize magic-

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CONTROL- Magic is about an individual who are trying to control their issues in their life.

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When a shaman takes control of a supernatural being, two things can happen:

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1. Either body can manipulate the supernatural spirit
2. The supernatural being can manipulate the body.

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Shamanism- (I/ We) ability to manipulate a

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supernatural being

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Shamanism usually deals with healing: (4 things)

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1. Medically.
2. To diagnose people in small scale society, she dance, sings, prays, etc. and alters her state so that she is possessed by a spirit to diagnose what the illness is. That is her certificate.
3. The Shaman is also a psychological healer.
The person goes and says that they have a problem from transitioning from one role to another, and so the Shaman goes into the Supernatural state, and fixes it.
3. Plays a role as a Social Worker
Resolves dysfunctional families, problems.
4. Cultural Broker
Make sure that they maintain important cultural events and traditions

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How does a shaman manipulate a supernatural being?

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The Supernatural being takes over the body of the Shaman. The Shaman becomes the supernatural being.

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Religion (I/We)-

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Worship of supernatural beings/ spirits.

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When a shaman takes control of a supernatural being, two things can happen:

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1. Either body can manipulate the supernatural spirit
2. The supernatural being can manipulate the body.

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3 forms that religion takes:

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Individualistic – ex: Vision Quest - see what is right (I) where individuals without going to a religious practitioner try to discover/ make a one on one relationship with deity. Deity requires them to fast, spend time alone (separate yourself from others), prayer, prove yourself to deity. LDS practice this every single day. When you make a decision how do you feel? Clarity of thought- right, stupor of thought- not quite right.
Communal- part- time practitioner (bishops, stake presidents)
Two important forms this takes:
Rite of passage: The rite of passage gives you membership.
Separation phase- investigator
Liminal phase (education phase)- learn about it
Reincorporation
The rite of passage does two things:
Describes your role
It is a public announcement that you are now in that role.
Rite of solidarity – when the group gets together and they share their feeling and beliefs.
Ex: general conference, church, relief society, etc.

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Shamanism usually deals with healing: (4 things)

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1. Medically.
2. To diagnose people in small scale society, she dance, sings, prays, etc. and alters her state so that she is possessed by a spirit to diagnose what the illness is. That is her certificate.
3. The Shaman is also a psychological healer.
The person goes and says that they have a problem from transitioning from one role to another, and so the Shaman goes into the Supernatural state, and fixes it.
3. Plays a role as a Social Worker
Resolves dysfunctional families, problems.
4. Cultural Broker
Make sure that they maintain important cultural events and traditions

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Political system does one thing-

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social control. No questions about political control.

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Religion (I/We)-

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Worship of supernatural beings/ spirits.

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3 forms that religion takes:

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Individualistic – ex: Vision Quest - see what is right (I) where individuals without going to a religious practitioner try to discover/ make a one on one relationship with deity. Deity requires them to fast, spend time alone (separate yourself from others), prayer, prove yourself to deity. LDS practice this every single day. When you make a decision how do you feel? Clarity of thought- right, stupor of thought- not quite right.
Communal- part- time practitioner (bishops, stake presidents)
Two important forms this takes:
Rite of passage: The rite of passage gives you membership.
Separation phase- investigator
Liminal phase (education phase)- learn about it
Reincorporation
The rite of passage does two things:
Describes your role
It is a public announcement that you are now in that role.
Rite of solidarity – when the group gets together and they share their feeling and beliefs.
Ex: general conference, church, relief society, etc.

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Political system does one thing-

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social control. No questions about political control.

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For Ritual know the difference between a technical act and an expressive (symbolic) act-

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Technical act is what you are technically doing. In a baptism you are just technically taking a bath. But in an expressive act when you do a baptism is it is cleansing away all your sin. Technical is human world, expressive is in supernatural world.

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On a ceremonial occasion 3 things will be made manifest:

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Social order is made clear.
Example in General Conference where the Prophet, his counselors, and the Quorum of the 12 are seated. The right hand/ left hand things deal with human body.
The lay members in the church (people in the audience) do two things in their day to day regular lives:
Donate money
Serve
Relationships are defined.
Status (how they are seated on the stand) creates how you are going to act with them, what you relationship is.
Knowledge revealed
The stories/ myths are being revealed. They are going to be talking about tithing, home teaching, atonement, faith, baptism, temple, etc.

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What is the most common characteristic in the 3 forms that religion takes?

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Individualistic