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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Materialism |
- material conditions are privileged - objective conditions - stomach: biological needs - resources are natural and given facts - Marx |
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Idealism |
- mental perceptions are privileged - subjective experiences - mind: mental needs - resources are culturally determined - Geertz |
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Symbolic Anthropology |
meaning, symbolism, shared understanding |
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Individualism |
- individual is the anchor of analysis - cannot assume that individuals of a collective will act the same way - influenced by economics |
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Collectivism |
- the whole is the anchor of analysis - there is a diversity in collectives |
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Political Economy |
Marxist approach, economic processes are privileged |
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Marx |
- main goal was to critique capitalism (because it prevented self development) - stability must be explained: change makes sense |
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Anthropology + Marx |
- merged around the 60s and 70s - needed to explain globalism - needed to explain social change |
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Marx's Theories' Goals |
- explain (critique) Western capitalism - provide basis for social revolution |
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Five Key Concepts of Marxism |
1. thoughts/behavior are shaped by the natural world 2. capitalism is exploitative because value of product != value of labor 3. mode of production is the base for a society's social relationships - when it doesn't work --> change 4. social class = people with similar labor to you, as forces OP change, people become aware of commonalities 5. ideology is the intersection of power and thought, Marx = materialist |
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Clifford Geertz |
- Idealist, from 60s and 70s - classic theoretic approach, very prolific - The Interpretation of Culture - wanted to grasp meaning in a particular culture (very locally) - unique features |
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Geertz + The Thick Description |
- must be adequately detailed, with context - look at the web of significance: symbols in relation to another |
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Sexual Dimorphism |
- Primary: differences in male and female genitals - Secondary: differences in male and female (not genitals - breasts, voice, hair, etc) |
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Matrilineal |
Descent traced through female members of the family |
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Matrilocality |
Residence after marriage with the wife's family, tends to happen in societies with minimal war and population pressure |
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Maxine Margolis |
Wartime inflation and consumer culture spur female employment |
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Feminization of Poverty |
Single mother rate increasing, women's groups can help |
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Sex and Gender |
Sex is biological, gender is not |
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Non-Western Societies and Gender |
- more readily recognize third-gender categories - eunuchs, hijras in India |
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Gender and Non-Industrial Societies |
Women have more power Reproductive role not as defining Foraging societies especially |
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Nuclear Family |
The parents and the children, in one house |
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Descent Groups |
People claiming common ancestry - valued among farmers, herders - permanent - dominates horticultural, pastoral, and agricultural societies - matri/patri-lineal most common |
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Family Isolation |
Comes from mobility |
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Neo-locality |
married couples establish a new place of residence (usually for work) - one-person households increasingly popular |
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Brazilian Families |
Includes their WHOLE family, but usually not their spouse's - less mobile means more contact |
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Foraging Societies and Family |
Similarly based on the nuclear family, but less socially complex, very geographically mobile |
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Stipulated Descent |
used by clans, means genealogical for about 8-10 generations, and then stipulated (made up) |
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Patrilocality |
Most common form of locality, moving to husband's father's community upon marriage - patrilocality and matrilocality are uni-local |
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Ancestral Estate |
About 1/2 the members of the family stay on the estate, some members have to remain there after marriage and pass it down |
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Ambi-lineal Descent |
Can be a part of the descent group of any/all grandparents - membership by choice |
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Matrilineal Skewing |
A preference for relatives on the mother's side |
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Four Ways of Classifying Kin |
lineal, bifurcate merging, generational, bifurcate collateral |
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Functional Explanation
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attempts to relate particular customs to other features of a society |
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Lineal System |
- distinguishes lineal relatives and collateral relatives - NOT based on lineage |
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Affinals |
Relatives by marriage |
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Bifurcate Merging |
- splits the mothers and father's sides - merges same-sex siblings - used mainly in societies with unilinear descent rules and unilocal residence |
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Generational |
- only two terms (mother and father) - suggests a closeness between aunts and uncles - used in societies in which extended kinship is important, and ambi-lineal descent |
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Bifurcate Collateral |
- most specific of the types - separate terms for each of the six kin-types - the least common - also discusses ethnic backgrounds |
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Consanguineal Descent |
Descent by blood |
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Fictive Kin |
like a godparent, close family friend |
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Why We Study Kin |
1. Tells us who we're related to and why 2. Tells us how big our household is 3. Tells us how many people / who we should marry |
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Bilateral Descent |
Counts both sides of the family (like in US) |
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Multiple Family |
multiple families that are related living in the same household |
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Avunculocal Residence |
Going to live with the mother's brother (still technically matrilineal) |
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Polygeny vs. Polyandry |
Polygeny: man marries 2+ women Polyandry: woman marries 2+ men - usually when two men can't afford to both have a wife, very rare, Nepal |
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Endogamy vs. Exogamy |
Endogamy: marrying within a group - most societies - royal endogamy very common (mana) Exogamy: marrying outside of a group - advantageous - creates new alliances |
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Universal Incest Taboo |
- what is counted as family varies - fear of genetic defects? - cross-cousins and parallel cousins |
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Caste Issues (Marriage) |
- marrying a caste below you makes you impure - more so for women |
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Edmund Leach: Marriage |
- establishes legal parentage - gives spouses monopoly on the sexuality of the other - give spouses right to labor of the other - give spouses right to property of the other - establish joint fund (for kids) - establish social relationship of affinity between spouses and relatives |
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Love |
common cross-culturally |
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Lobolo vs. Dowry |
Lobolo: substantial gift from male family to female family Dowry: substantial gift from female family to male family |
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Sorrorate and Levirate |
Sorrorate: Marrying sister of dead wife
Levirate: Marrying brother of dead husband |
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Divorce |
- more common in matrilineal societies
- US has highest divorce rate because: large % of gainfully employed women, value of independence and self-actualization, protestantism |
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F.C. Wallace: Religion |
Belief and ritual concerned with supernatural beings, powers, and forces (must be accepted on faith) |
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Sir Tylor |
- founder of the anthropology of religion - evolution of religion (animism at start) |
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Mana |
- believed in Melanesian society - force of the universe - embodied in people, animals, plants, objects |
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Magic |
supernatural techniques intended to accomplish specific aims - imitative or contact |
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Malinowski (magic) |
people use magic to face uncertainty and danger |
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Rituals |
- formal - performed in sacred places - performed at set times - can be secular |
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Rites of Passage |
- to move from youth to adulthood - examples include baptisms, weddings, native american "spirit journeys" |
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Phases of a Rite of Passage |
separation: withdrawing from ordinary society liminality: the limbo time, in-between incorporation: completed the rite |
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Totemism |
believing that you are a descendent of a totem, worshipping that totem |
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Ways Leaders Motivate their Communities |
- fear - hatred - persuasion - witch hunts |
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Shaman |
religious figures: curers, mediums, spiritualists, astrologers, palm readers, etc. |
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Breakdown of Religion |
1. Islam (globalization) 2. Christianity 3. Lacking Religious Affiliation |
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Cargo Cults |
- syncretism of aboriginal societies and Christian/European societies - local people have contacts with outsides but lack their resources or living standards |
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Fundamentalism |
Anti-modernist groups, want to "rescue" religion from modern culture, often sharp divide between themselves and other religions |
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Myth |
Stories of creation (not attributed true or false), tell us how we should live |
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Religious Function (in all societies) |
- Intellectual Explanatory: answers the whys - Validation: sanctions certain social institutions - Social and Psychological: provides authority, control, meaning, allows expression |
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Examining a Religion |
1. look at the beliefs 2. look at the organization 3. look at the rituals 4. look at the religious objects 5. look at the texts 6. look at the affective emotion |
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Liminality |
Intense sense of connection, community-building |
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St. Joseph's Altar |
- female giving: supreme gift of life - based on promises to Saints - exaggerates the woman's role as a caretaker - inversive because women "take charge" - "a feast based on a woman's wish" |
