Anthropology 200 Final Exam

Front 1

What are the 7 anatomical changes associated with bipedalism?

Back 1

1.) foot arch
2.) larger, shorter, broader hip joint
3.) larger knee, "double knee action"
4.) longer legs relative to arms
5.) Skull centralized to vertebrae
6.) Flatter Face
7.) Shorter Toes

Front 2

3 origins of hominid evolution - Hunting Hypothesis

Back 2

-Bipedalism freed hands for carrying weapons
-Intelligence increased, size of canines diminished
-Tool production and use essential for human intelligence
-New evidence contradicts this

Front 3

3 origins of hominid evolution - Patchy Forest

Back 3

-Human origins and bipedalism related to the greater efficiency in some habitats of moving on two limbs rather than four.
-Bipedalism arose in areas where forests were fragmented and food resources also became scattered.
-As forests fragmented, bipedalism freed the hands to pick up food allowing for both tree and ground food resources to be exploited.

Front 4

3 origins of hominid evolution - Provisioning

Back 4

- Freeing the hands was important in allowing males to assist females more efficiently in procuring food; thus “provisioning” acted as a form of sexual competition among males for females.
-Birth spacing would also be reduced, since females would have to move around less and would have access to greater food resources.
-Lovejoy’s hypothesis makes the argument for monogamous fathers.

Front 5

Which species belong to the pre-australopithecine group?

Back 5

-Sahelanthropus tchadensis
-Orrorin tugenensis
-Ardipithecus kadabba and Ardipithecus ramidus

Front 6

Time range for the existence of the pre-australopithecines?

Back 6

7-4 mya

Front 7

Where, geographically, were the pre-australopithecines found?

Back 7

Africa, Kenya, Ethiopia

Front 8

Anatomy of australopithecines (vs pre-)

Back 8

Clearly adapted to bipedalism.
Increased sexual dimorphism.
Larger cranial capacity.
Smaller canines.

Front 9

Time frame australopithecines?

Back 9

4.2-1.4 mya

Front 10

What are the 7 anatomical changes associated with bipedalism?

Back 10

1.) foot arch
2.) larger, shorter, broader hip joint
3.) larger knee, "double knee action"
4.) longer legs relative to arms
5.) Skull centralized to vertebrae
6.) Flatter Face
7.) Shorter Toes

Front 11

3 origins of hominid evolution - Hunting Hypothesis

Back 11

-Bipedalism freed hands for carrying weapons
-Intelligence increased, size of canines diminished
-Tool production and use essential for human intelligence
-New evidence contradicts this

Front 12

3 origins of hominid evolution - Patchy Forest

Back 12

-Human origins and bipedalism related to the greater efficiency in some habitats of moving on two limbs rather than four.
-Bipedalism arose in areas where forests were fragmented and food resources also became scattered.
-As forests fragmented, bipedalism freed the hands to pick up food allowing for both tree and ground food resources to be exploited.

Front 13

3 origins of hominid evolution - Provisioning

Back 13

- Freeing the hands was important in allowing males to assist females more efficiently in procuring food; thus “provisioning” acted as a form of sexual competition among males for females.
-Birth spacing would also be reduced, since females would have to move around less and would have access to greater food resources.
-Lovejoy’s hypothesis makes the argument for monogamous fathers.

Front 14

What are the anatomical traits that characterize the pre-australopithecines as a group?

*No info here*

Back 14

*

Front 15

Which species belong to the pre-australopithecine group?

Back 15

-Sahelanthropus tchadensis
-Orrorin tugenensis
-Ardipithecus kadabba and Ardipithecus ramidus

Front 16

Time range for the existence of the pre-australopithecines?

Back 16

7-4 mya

Front 17

Where, geographically, were the pre-australopithecines found?

Back 17

Africa, Kenya, Ethiopia

Front 18

Anatomy of australopithecines (vs pre-)

Back 18

Clearly adapted to bipedalism.
Increased sexual dimorphism.
Larger cranial capacity.
Smaller canines.

Front 19

Time frame australopithecines?

Back 19

4.2-1.4 mya

Front 20

Difference between gracile and robust australopithecines?

Back 20

Robust - Large cheek teeth/ jaw muscles
Gracile - Smaller " " "

Front 21

Species for gracile robust?

Back 21

Gracile - A afarensis
Robust - A boisei and a robustus

Front 22

Where?

Back 22

Africa

Front 23

disatema

Back 23

gap between two teeth

Front 24

laetoli

Back 24

place where hominid footprints were found in volcanic ash 3.6 myo

Front 25

lucy

Back 25

40 percent complete australopithecus afernsis skeleton

Front 26

non-honing

Back 26

no slicing, mainly grinding dentitions. front teeth prominent.

Front 27

oldowan tool complex

Back 27

bones with cuts on them found australopithecus garhi as first toolmaker using stones.

Front 28

taung child

Back 28

Australopithecus africanus skull found in south africa

Front 29

What characteristics define the genus homo?

Back 29

Bigger brains, tool use, adaptive flexibility

Front 30

Difference between australopithecines and earliest Homos?

Back 30

Bigger brain, smaller chewing complex.

Front 31

Time range for existence of h habilis?

Back 31

3-2.5 mya

Front 32

Where geographically was h habilis found?

Back 32

olduvai gorge. eastern africa

Front 33

Which tool complex did habilis use and how were these tools used?

Back 33

Oldowan tool complex. the tools were used to process as well as to obtain food resources. tools were now critical to the survival of the species.

Front 34

anatomical similarities between habilis and erectus?

Back 34

erectus has a larger brain and body size. both have small chewing complex. both have precision grip.

Front 35

time range for existence of erectus?

Back 35

1.8-.3 mya

Front 36

where erectus found?

Back 36

nariokotome, africa. asia (china, indonesia), gran dolina europe.

Front 37

which tool complex used and how?

Back 37

Acheulian complex. tools used for hunting, food processing.

Front 38

major contributing factors to the success of erectus?

Back 38

reliance on tools and more complex social structures

Front 39

eugene dubois

Back 39

discovered java man, erectus.

Front 40

nariokotome boy

Back 40

nearly complete hominid erectus skeleton found.

Front 41

zhoukoudian, china

Back 41

cave where peking man, erectus was discovered.

Front 42

anatomical characteristics of archaic homo sapiens to modern homo sapiens?

Back 42

Skeletal traits: round, tall skull with vertical forehead, small brow ridges, and small face and teeth with a more gracile postcranial skeleton characteristic of modern humans.

Front 43

temporal and geographical regions for existence of archaic h sapiens?

Back 43

Asia, Africa and europe around 350,000 to 130,000 years ago.

Front 44

anatomical characteristics of the neandertals?

Back 44

bent-kneed gait
1. Large nasal aperture
2. Large infraorbital foramina
3. Stocky build, short limbs

Front 45

which neandertal characteristic suggests cold-adaptation?

Back 45

1. Large nasal aperture
2. Large infraorbital foramina
3. Stocky build, short limbs

Front 46

temporal and geographic ranges for neandertals?

Back 46

Asia (60-40k ya)
Europe (130k-24k ya)

Front 47

what are the four facets of neandertal culture?

Back 47

Burial of dead. had ability to speak. hunting. mousterian tool tradition

Front 48

Anatomical characteristics of anatomically modern humans?

Back 48

Skeletal traits: round, tall skull with vertical forehead, small brow ridges, and small face and teeth with a more gracile postcranial skeleton characteristic of modern humans.

Front 49

three models for dispersement of AMH?

Back 49

1. Out of Africa
1. Modern Homo sapiens evolved in Africa, and then spread to Asia and Europe, where modern humans replaced the populations there.
2. Multiregional Continuity
1. The shift to modern humans took place regionally and did not involve replacement.
3. assimilation. began in africa and then migrated where they replaced other species.

Front 50

approximate date of arrival of AMH into new world?

Back 50

*

Front 51

link between AMH and NE Asia?

Back 51

DNA evidence

Front 52

middle paleolithic

Back 52

*

Front 53

mousterian tool complex

Back 53

1. Established Mousterian tool tradition
2. Butchered animal bones found
3. Animals processed for food
4. Chemical evidence indicates importance of meat in diet.

Front 54

upper paleolithic

Back 54

*

Front 55

major factors contributing to the agricultural revolution?

Back 55

1. Environmental change to cooler conditions
2. Increase in human populations
Increased the need for larger and more stable food resources

Front 56

agriculture is adaptive tradeoff what does this mean?

Back 56

domestication fueled human population growth

transportation of food affected domesticated foods so 2/3 of humans necessary caloric and protein intake comes from cereal grains domesticated in the holocene.

Front 57

masticatory-functional hypothesis explain the cranialfacial changes associated with shift from foraging to farming?

Back 57

# Masticatory-functional hypothesis states that changes in skull form are a response to decreased demands on the chewing muscles.

Front 58

health affects of agriculture?

Back 58

Increased population size and density caused the spread of more infectious illnesses; diet was also affected.

# Tuberculosis also was found early around the world.

Front 59

cribra orbitalia

Back 59

ron deficiency (some argue other stress factors) causes anemia and is seen in the skull (porotic hyperostosis) and eye orbits (cribra orbitalia).

Front 60

dental caries

Back 60

Dental caries, or cavities, increased after certain plants (corn) were introduced.

Front 61

Fertile Crescent

Back 61

In the Jordan valley, agriculture spread across the Fertile Crescent by 8,000 yBP.

Front 62

iron deficiency anemia

Back 62

Iron deficiency (some argue other stress factors) causes anemia and is seen in the skull (porotic hyperostosis) and eye orbits (cribra orbitalia).

Front 63

Levant

Back 63

# End of the Pleistocene saw intense harvesting of wheat and barley’s ancestors.
# Manipulation of plant growth cycles began about 11,500 yBP.

some cities developed

Front 64

neolithic

Back 64

*

Front 65

osteoarthritis

Back 65

*

Front 66

periostitis

Back 66

*

Front 67

perotic hyperostosis

Back 67

ron deficiency (some argue other stress factors) causes anemia and is seen in the skull (porotic hyperostosis) and eye orbits (cribra orbitalia).

Front 68

isotopic analysis of ice cores told us about climate change during the holocene?

Back 68

warming

Front 69

major negative impacts associated with a decrease in biodiversity?

Back 69

Costs of longer life include lost of bone mass, heart disease, and so on, as well as negative effects on Earth’s biodiversity.

Front 70

examples illustrating role of humans in other species evolution?

Back 70

Insects, bacteria, fish are only a few examples.

Front 71

anthropogenic

Back 71

human activity-caused

Front 72

nutrition transition

Back 72

1. Height and weight have increased in the past hundred years.
2. Shift to a high-fat, high-carbohydrate diet; obesity as an epidemic.
3. Extra weight causes cardiac, circulatory, metabolic disorders.
4. Reactions to food, modern environment are becoming more prevalent.
5. Allergies are associated with a changing world, especially industrialization.
6. Causes include genetics, but diet, overuse of antibiotics, and environmental pollutants are also factors.
7. Hygiene hypothesis argues that cleanliness decreases endotoxins, which help decrease allergies.