Anthropology Exam 5

Front 1

Egypt developed and flourished in isolation, cut off from the rest of Africa and the ancient world:

Back 1

False

Front 2

As elsewhere, Egypt’s rise to civilization grew from population growth, stratified social classes, ample access to land and diverse natural resources:

Back 2

False

Front 3

By 3100 B.C., the symbolic links between the gods Horus and Seth indicated a semblance of political unity joining Upper and Lower Egypt:

Back 3

True

Front 4

Scientists used liquid chromatography and neutron activation analysis to trace the source of wine in an Egyptian tomb to Israel and the Transjordan Valley:

Back 4

True

Front 5

Archaic Egypt’s political power was based on a system of social stratification and inequality legitimized in religious beliefs as constituting the natural order initiated by gods when they created the world:

Back 5

True

Front 6

The Old Kingdom created a form of state organization similar to that in Mesopotamia, where the interdependence of villages was both initiated and exploited:

Back 6

False

Front 7

Egypt’s pyramids are examples of the ancient world’s most spectacular works:

Back 7

True

Front 8

Egypt’s pyramids were symbols that validated the king’s power, yet served only to exploit the people’s labor:

Back 8

False

Front 9

The function of state bureaucracy in the Old Kingdom was to manage tax collection, labor management, harvest yields, and irrigation projects; and it did so in a talented, efficient, well-run style:

Back 9

True

Front 10

After 300 years of environmental stress famine, factionalism, and weakened pharaonic authority that had divided the Old Kingdom, Thebes reunited Egypt:

Back 10

True

Front 11

Ramses II conquered the Hittites at the Battle of Kadesh, enabling Egypt to increase its political influence in southwest Asia:

Back 11

False

Front 12

Ancient Egyptians considered skin color and race in a manner complimentary to present European views:

Back 12

False

Front 13

Over the centuries, Egypt developed closer contacts with the peoples and cultures of tropical Africa:

Back 13

True

Front 14

Nubian chieftains, despite their efforts to become middlemen and control trade between desert people and Egyptians, were unable to acquire great wealth:

Back 14

False

Front 15

The people of Meroe founded a new commercial network with links to the Red Sea, the Persian Gulf states, India, Southeast Asia, and China – a regional trade network far larger than that of the Minoans:

Back 15

True

Front 16

Camel breeders brought prosperity to Meroe:

Back 16

True

Front 17

The followers of Islam brought prosperity to Aksum:

Back 17

False

Front 18

Christianity came to Aksum through its far-flung trade networks:

Back 18

True

Front 19

Medieval European wealth partially depended upon gold and ivory obtained through African-based caravan trade routes:

Back 19

True

Front 20

The kingdom of Songhay and the cities of Gao and Timbuktu fell into obscurity when American sources of gold – many times the annual output of other global regions – were discovered by other Europeans:

Back 20

True

Front 21

Egyptian pyramids were built:

Back 21

1.) By the people’s labor in lieu of monetary tax payments
2.) To symbolize the pharaoh’s power
3.) As ideological expressions of passage from earth to heaven

Front 22

The concept of momentum as a casual feature in the development of predynastic Egypt implies dozens of small communities, among which some acquired more wealth and power and then finally gained a _______________ of local trade, foodstuffs, stone, etc.:

Back 22

Monopoly

Front 23

The three little-known kingdoms that dominated the Nile in predynastic times included Nekhen, Negada and _______________:

Back 23

This

Front 24

Upper and Lower Egypt became a new state founded on:

Back 24

Symbolic geography

Front 25

The institutions of ancient Egypt rested upon the fundamental concept of:

Back 25

Unification

Front 26

During the Archaic period, local _______________ gave way to a distinctive ideology operative throughout the kingdoms:

Back 26

Religious cults

Front 27

Anthropological information from ancient Egypt who can give archaeologists an account in their own words of their feelings, beliefs, and actions are sometimes found in:

Back 27

Hieroglyphs on tomb walls

Front 28

Ma’at is a concept that expresses the essence of a pharaoh’s rule; it stood for order and justice. Translated as “rightness,” it also embodied:

Back 28

1.) The pharaoh’s divinity
2.) Pharaonic status
3.) Eternity

Front 29

The successes of the middle kingdom depend on a strong king, _______________ leadership, and increasingly efficient bureaucratic supervision:

Back 29

Charismatic

Front 30

Tutankhamen is among the most famous Egyptian pharaohs because of:

Back 30

Archaeology

Front 31

Akhenaton stands out in Egyptian history because of:

Back 31

His institution of a purer form of sun worship

Front 32

Upper Ahmose the Liberator, Egyptian pharaohs added _______________ to their repertoire of ability:

Back 32

Military leadership

Front 33

By the end of the Late Period (1070 to 30 B.C.), _______________ became the power that controlled Egypt:

Back 33

The Romans

Front 34

Tombs excavated at Kerma reveal that Nubian chieftains were buried with the accoutrements of rank, namely _______________:

Back 34

Sacrificial entourages

Front 35

When Nubian monarchs began to rule Egypt as well as Nubia, they validated their new roles by:

Back 35

Restoring traditional Egyptian religion

Front 36

After an Assyrian king sacked Thebes, the Kushites fled to:

Back 36

Meroe

Front 37

A technology at which the people of Meroe were skilled was:

Back 37

Iron

Front 38

Both the ruler of Meroe and the ruler of Aksum were:

Back 38

Of African origin

Front 39

Aksum served as a center of _______________:

Back 39

International trade

Front 40

The cultural _______________ of sub-Saharan Africa dissipated in the early Christian era.

Back 40

Isolation

Front 41

Trade within the Indian Ocean was facilitated by:

Back 41

Monsoon winds and Arabian dhows

Front 42

Kingdoms built on trade with Europe arose in West Africa included:

Back 42

Mali and Songhay

Front 43

The dominant religion in the West African kingdoms described in the text was:

Back 43

Islam

Front 44

The best way to describe Great Zimbabwe is as:

Back 44

A truly indigenous African kingdom

Front 45

Small coastal Islamic towns from Somalia to Tanzania imported cotton, glass beads, and _______________ such as cowries that they traded with people in the African interior for gold, ivory, and _______________:

Back 45

Seashells, slaves

Front 46

Since the villages of the Indus river valley could not survive in isolation, they developed non-commercial exchange networks with their neighbors in the highlands:

Back 46

True

Front 47

The seasonal movement of populations and herds from summer highlands to winter lowlands was also an aspect of subsistence among the Harappan people:

Back 47

True

Front 48

The settlement pattern of each Harappan city shows the imprint of different urban planners:

Back 48

False

Front 49

Harappan pictographic symbols bear similarities to those associated with modern Hinduism:

Back 49

True

Front 50

The artifact assemblages from Xia dynasty sites provide archaeologists with fascinating information about the complexity and military prowess of these ancient Chinese people:

Back 50

False

Front 51

Shang settlements indicate a dramatic increase in material possessions and social complexity – a trend believed to characterize other regional settlements as well:

Back 51

True

Front 52

The Shang capital, Ao, was an immense fortified complex, easily built to house rulers, nobles, craft specialists, and workers behind its 33 foot eastern wall:

Back 52

False

Front 53

Chinese rulers were reluctant to do anything that oracle bones, read by priests, did not favor:

Back 53

True

Front 54

The Shang made sacrificial offerings of humans to consecrate the burials of kings and related elites:

Back 54

True

Front 55

The social and political organization seen in southeast Asia exhibited more similarities to the Harappan people than to the Chinese:

Back 55

False

Front 56

Mature Harappan civilization was characterized by a regional spread that gave it _______________:

Back 56

Uniformity

Front 57

By 3000 B.C., there were village settlements and fortified towns across the Indus valley plains that were characterized by:

Back 57

1.) Their position above the flood level
2.) Their riverside location
3.) Their carefully laid-out streets

Front 58

By 2500 B.C., these same communities also possessed:

Back 58

Irrigation canals and embankments

Front 59

With the development of state organized society, the people of the Indus river valley shifted from a social structure characterized by egalitarianism to one of:

Back 59

Social ranking

Front 60

The relationship between valley populations and those of the nearby highlands was:

Back 60

Symbiotic

Front 61

The sea trade along the Persian Gulf that included the ports of Dilmun, Magan, and Meluhha were controlled by:

Back 61

The Mesopotamians

Front 62

Like the Sumerians, the Harappans adopted _______________ as a means to organize and control their culture:

Back 62

Urban centers

Front 63

Whereas the Egyptians used monumental architecture to glorify their pharaohs and the Assyrians used it to highlight the military prowess of their kings, the architecture of the Harappan indicates:

Back 63

A lack of ostentation

Front 64

Some idea of the monumental architecture built by the Shang dynasty can be grasped by looking at the labor requirements to build their capital. These included:

Back 64

A labor force of 10,000 workers

Front 65

The layout of the Ao capital includes a walled compound; interior housing for rulers, temple priests, and nobles; and exterior residences and workshops. This is indicative of a _______________ society.

Back 65

Socially stratified

Front 66

The archaeological evidence of sacrifice at Shang royal graves includes bodies of slaves and other victims. Archaeologists know these skeletal remains are those of human sacrifices because:

Back 66

1.) The heads are found in one location, and the bodies in another
2.) Dismemberment
3.) Mutilation

Front 67

_______________ provide details of wooden chariots, the wheel spokes, bronze hubcaps, axle, wicker and leather cab, ornamentation, construction, and of the charioteers themselves.

Back 67

Sacrificial chariot builders

Front 68

The burial mound of King Zheng is believed to hold a replica of his Chinese territories with rivers of _______________ entering the ocean.

Back 68

Mercury

Front 69

To understand the ritual complexity of Angkor Wat, an archaeologist must consider the site as:

Back 69

A single entity

Front 70

Islam entered Malaysia with maritime trade, and its leaders were very successful in converting the local people because their message was one of _______________ versus the tradition of divine kingship.

Back 70

Egalitarianism

Front 71

What was the great pyramid? When was it built?

Back 71

Kufu in 2600 B.C.

Front 72

Who built the pyramids? Were they slaves? How do we know?

Back 72

Farmers built the pyramids. We know because there's grafiti inside the pyramids and no indication of slaves building it.

Front 73

During what time of the year did the laborers work on the great pyramids?

Back 73

During the flood season.

Front 74

When was the FIRST pyramid built?

Back 74

4700 years ago – the step pyramid.

Front 75

How did the Egyptians keep the pyramid's center point fixed and outer casing slope consistent?

Back 75

They built the inner part a step pyramid first and then filled in the rest.

Front 76

How long did it take to build the largest pyramid?

Back 76

Around 20 or 30 years.