Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Anthropology |
The study of humans, focusing on the differences and similarities, both biologically and culturally |
|
|
Biological anthropology |
The study of humans as biological organisms Includes: Paleoanthropology Primatology Human biological diversity |
|
|
Archaeology |
The study of human past by studying material remains left behind This includes ethnography And ethnolinguistics Includes: -historical archaeology |
|
|
Cultural anthropology |
The study of living people and their culture primarily through behaviours and beliefs |
|
|
Linguistic anthropology |
The study of languages in the past Includes: Historical linguistics Descriptive or structural linguistics Sociolinguistics |
|
|
Applied anthropology |
Apply anthropological knowledge to achieve more practical goals |
|
|
Associations |
Explanation by saying how it confirms to a general principle or relationship |
|
|
Theories |
Explanations of laws and associations |
|
|
Darwinian's Evidence |
-domesticated plants and animals -geographic distribution of life forms -geographical and pale ontological record -comparative anatomy -vestigial organs |
|
|
Domesticated plants and animals |
Breeding within a species to produce favourable variations |
|
|
Geographic distribution of life forms |
Isolation of half a species from the other half will produce different variations depending on geographic location |
|
|
Comparative anatomy |
All mammals share characteristics |
|
|
Vestigial organs |
Organs that no longer serve a function but did in the past |
|
|
Primate |
A member of the mammalian order primates |
|
|
Historical archaeology |
Studies the material remains of recent people who left records |
|
|
Prehistory |
A time period before written documentation |
|
|
Historical linguistics |
The study of how languages change over time |
|
|
Sociolinguistics |
The study of cultural and sub cultural patterns of speaking in different social contexts |
|
|
Ethnology |
The study of how and why recent cultures differ and are similar |
|
|
Natural selection |
A process that affects the frequencies of traits in a particular environment. Process: -variations -heritability - differential reproductive success |
|
|
Variation |
All species have a variety of different individuals, some of which are better adapted to their environment and others are not |
|
|
Heritability |
Offspring inherit traits from their parents |
|
|
Differential reproductive success |
Better adapted individuals will generally produce more offspring over the generations of poorer-adapted individuals |
|
|
Adaptive traits |
Cultural traits that enhance your chances of survival and reproduction in a particular environment |
|
|
Maladaptive traits |
Cultural traits that diminish the chances of survival and reproduction in a particular environment |
|
|
Balancing selection |
A type of selection that occurs when heterozygous alleles are positively favoured even though homozygous alleles are disfavoured |
|
|
Directional selection |
A type of selection that increases the frequency of a trait |
|
|
Normalizing selection |
The type of selection that removes harmful genes that arose by mutation |
|
|
Mutation |
A change in the DNA sequence, producing an altered allele |
|
|
Genetic drift |
When a small part of a larger population is separated from the larger population |
|
|
Cline |
The gradual increase or decrease in the frequency of a gene |
|
|
Gene flow |
The process by which genes pass from the gene pool of one population to that of another through mating and reproduction |
|
|
Hybridization |
The creation of a viable offspring from the mating of two different species |
|
|
Species |
A population that consists of organisms able to interbreed and produce viable and fertile offspring |
|
|
Sociobiology |
Systematic study of the biological causes of human behaviour |
|
|
Acclimatization |
Impermanent physiological changes that people make when they encounter a new environment |
|
|
Microevolution |
The change in allele frequency from one generation to the next |
|
|
Macro evolution |
Over long periods of time it produces more obvious changes Ina species |
|
|
Sexual reproduction |
Recombined the parents DNA to form new combinations |
|
|
Random mating |
A process whereby every allele has an equal chance of being passed onto the next generation |
|
|
Sources of biological diversity |
-mutation -sexual reproduction -random mating -natural selection |
|
|
Mechanisms of natural selection |
-Adaptation -genetic adaptation -acclimatization |
|
|
Types of natural selection |
-Directional - stabilizing - disruptive - artificial |
|
|
Artificial selection |
The result of humans |
|
|
Adaptation |
Any change by which organisms respond to selection pressure |
|
|
Genetic adaptation |
Changes within a population in response to selection pressure |
|
|
Directional selection |
Selection is favouring larger body size over time |
|
|
Stabilizing selection |
Extremes are selected against, decreasing genetic diversity |
|
|
Types of population genetics |
-gene flow -genetic drift |
|
|
Types of genetic drift |
-founders effect -bottleneck |
|
|
Founders effect |
The migration of a small sub-population away from the parent population |
|
|
Bottleneck effect |
The removal of a large portion of the population because of a natural disaster |
|
|
Speciation |
Can occur because of geographical isolation, natural disaster and/or reduction of gene flow |
|
|
Types of speciation |
-anagenesis -cladogenesis |
|
|
Anagenesis |
One species gradually evolving over time (gradualism) |
|
|
Cladogenesis |
One species branching out into two or more species |
|
|
Primates: Senses |
-reduced snout and less reliance on your senses -binocular vision and coloured vision - tactile pads and dermal ridges on digits for greater prehensility |
|
|
Primates: Teeth and Diet |
- teeth evolved primarily to process -generalized dental pattern (incisors, molars, canines) -Lack of specializations in teeth and diet |
|
|
Primates: Post cranial (everything other than the skull) |
-prehensile hands and feet -Retention of collarbone -Opposable thumb and big toe -large brain-to-body size ratio -erect upper body -diversity of locomotion |
|
|
Primates: Diversity of modes of locomotion |
-vertical clinging and leaping -brachiation -knuckle-walking -quadrupedal |
|
|
Primates: life history |
-Long gestation period and period of infancy -k-selected(one offspring at a time) -relatively long life span |
|
|
Primates: geographical and niche distribution |
-tropical to temperate environments -desert to tropical rain forests -arboreal and terrestrial -nocturnal and diurnal |
|
|
How to find sites or localities |
-surface survey -aerial photography and satellite images - soil marks and crop marks -non-intrusive methods - ethnohistorical data -natural erosion -human activity |
|
|
Surface survey |
If you already know other sites have been found in that general location, so there could be others |
|
|
Aerial photography and satellite images |
By finding something that may not be visible from the ground, or cover greater area more quickly |
|
|
Soil marks and crop marks |
-Soil marks are a discolouration in soil because of something close to the surface -crop marks are discolouration in plant life... |
|
|
Non-intrusive methods |
Expensive to excavate without a cause, because some regions need reasonable cause |
|
|
Ethnohistorical data |
Maps, folklore, biblical archaeology |
|
|
Excavation |
-most important part of archaeology -cannot be redone, do it right once the first time -begins with establishing a grid system and datum point -record keeping and screening -determining the function of the artifacts |
|
|
Dating methods |
-relative dating methods -chronometeic dating methods |
|
|
Relative dating methods |
-stratigraphy -stylistic seriation -faunal analysis -palynology Fluorine method Varves |
|
|
Chronometric dating methods |
-Radiocarbon dating -potassium-argon dating -dendrocheonology -calendrical dating -thermoluminescence -uranium series dating |
|
|
Stratigraphy |
What is deeper is relatively older than what is nearer to the surface |
|
|
Stylistic seriation |
How the style of things change over time |
|
|
Faunal analysis |
Similar to seriation, but refers to animal species found |
|
|
Palynology |
Like seriation but refers to types of pollen |
|
|
Fluorine method |
Water has fluorine in it and objects that have been in water or subject to rain for longer will be found with more fluorine in it. |
|
|
Varves |
Layers of sediment found in the bottoms of lakes |
|
|
Radiocarbon dating |
How much carbon-14 is left, measured by half life, can only date organic matter |
|
|
Potassium-argon dating |
Also based on concept of radioactive decay, dating volcanic material |
|
|
Dendrochronology |
Tree rings |
|
|
Calendrical dating |
Civilizations must have decipherable written calendar |
|
|
Thermoluminescence |
Accumulation of electrons |
|
|
Uranium series dating |
Radioactive decay of uranium |
|
|
Site |
A place where you find evidence of human occupation |
|
|
Locality |
Find human remains or fossils |
|
|
Hypoxia |
A condition of oxygen deficiency that occurs at high altitudes |
|
|
Bergamans rule |
Smaller sized sub populations of a species inhabit the warmer parts of its geographic range and larger-sized sub populations the cooler areas |
|
|
Allen's rule |
Protruding body parts are relatively shorter in the cooler areas of a species' range than in warmer areas |
|
|
Gloger's rule |
Populations of birds and mammals living in warm, humid climates have more melanin than populations of the exact same species living in cooler, drier areas |
|
|
Arboreal |
Adapted to the tree |
|
|
Diurnal |
Active during the day |
