Anthropology 101

Front 1

Relative Dating

Back 1

Comparitive methods to determine whether something is older or younger than something else

Front 2

Flourine Nitrogen Dating

Back 2

accumulation of flourine in bones - Relative method

Front 3

Statographic Dating

Back 3

relationship of item to position of fossil in rock/soil sequence - Relative method

Front 4

Morphology

Back 4

relative age in comparison to similar fossils - Relative method

Front 5

Paleomagnetism

Back 5

positioning of lava content point to magnetic north which shifts - Relative method

Front 6

Chronometric Dating/ Absolute Dating

Back 6

dating technique used for estimating dates

Front 7

Radiocarbon (14C) Dating

Back 7

dates the age of organic material - CD/AD

Front 8

Potassium-Argon Dating

Back 8

used on soil/rock deposit only on volcanic material - CD/AD

Front 9

Dendochronology

Back 9

this is the use of tree rings used to pinpoint exact year the tree was cut down - CD/AD

Front 10

Fission-Track Dating, Varve Dating, Thermoluminescence (TL) Dating, Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) Dating

Back 10

AD/CD methods

Front 11

First Species -

Back 11

Sehelanthropus tchadensis

Front 12

Sehelanthropus tchadensis Date -

Back 12

7 - 6 mybp

Front 13

Sehelanthropus tchadensis Discovered by/ primary location –

Back 13

Brunet and Djimdomallsaie/ Torros Menalla, Chad/ in 2001

Front 14

Sehelanthropus tchadensis Distribution -

Back 14

Chad, Central Africa

Front 15

Sehelanthropus tchadensis Cranial Capacity -

Back 15

320-380 cc

Front 16

Sehelanthropus tchadensis Physical/ Cultural features –

Back 16

ape-like features, no post-cranial bones found, foramen magnum positioned toward back of skull indicative of quadrapedal locomotion, maybe early gorilla or other species of ape

Front 17

Species after Sehelanthropus tchadensis -

Back 17

Orrorin Tugenesis

Front 18

Orrorin Tugenesis Date -

Back 18

6 mybp

Front 19

Orrorin Tugenesis Discovered by/ primary location –

Back 19

Pickford and Senut/ Baringo, Kenya/ 2000 (according to the book), Feb 2001 in lecture

Front 20

Orrorin Tugenesis Distribution -

Back 20

Lukeino Formation, Tugen Hills, Baringo District, Kenya, East Africa

Front 21

Orrorin Tugenesis Cranial Capacity -

Back 21

No reasonably complete cranial remains yet discovered

Front 22

Orrorin Tugenesis Physical/ Cultural features –

Back 22

find includes teeth, femur, mandible, and misc. arm bones, approximately the size of a female chimpanzee, may have been a climber and bipedal, "Millennium Man"

Front 23

Species after Orrorin Tugenesis -

Back 23

Ardipithecus kaddaba

Front 24

Ardipithecus kaddaba Date -

Back 24

5.8 -5.2 mybp

Front 25

Ardipithecus kaddaba Discovered by/ primary location –

Back 25

Haile-Selassie/ Middle Awash, Central Ethiopia/ July 2001

Front 26

Ardipithecus kaddaba Distribution -

Back 26

Middle Awash region, Central Ethiopia, East Africa

Front 27

Ardipithecus kaddaba Cranial Capacity -

Back 27

No reasonalbly complete cranial remains yet published

Front 28

Ardipithecus kaddaba Physical/ Cultural features –

Back 28

tenative biped, canine teeth show primitive features, teeth, toe bones, lower arm bone of 5 or more individuals found at site

Front 29

Species after Ardipithecus kaddaba -

Back 29

Ardipithecus Ramidus

Front 30

Ardipithecus Ramidus Cranial Capacity -

Back 30

No reasonalbly complete cranial remains yet published

Front 31

Ardipithecus Ramidus Date -

Back 31

5.8 - 4.4 mybp

Front 32

Ardipithecus Ramidus Discovered by -

Back 32

Tim White, Suwa, and Asfaw / Aramis, Ethiopia / 1993

Front 33

Ardipithecus Ramidus Distribution -

Back 33

Aramis, Ethiopia, East Africa

Front 34

Ardipithecus Ramidus Physical/ Cultural features –

Back 34

foramen magnum situated far foward, indicative of bipedal locomotion

Front 35

Species after Ardipithecus Ramidus -

Back 35

Australopithecus anamensis

Front 36

Australopithecus anamensis Date -

Back 36

4.2 - 3.9 mybp

Front 37

Australopithecus anamensis Discovered by -

Back 37

Bryan Patterson / Kanapoi, Kenya / 1965 / Meave Leakey's Team / 1995

Front 38

Australopithecus anamensis Distribution -

Back 38

Kanapoi, Allia Bay, Kenya, East Africa

Front 39

Australopithecus anamensis Cranial Capacity -

Back 39

No reasonably complete cranial remains yet discovered

Front 40

Australopithecus anamensis Features -

Back 40

Mixture of primitive features in skull, teeth and jaws similar to older fossil apes, human-like humerus, tibia shows strong evidence of bipedality

Front 41

Species after Australopithecus anamensis -

Back 41

Australopithecus afarensis

Front 42

Australopithecus afarensis Date -

Back 42

3.9 - 3.0 mybp

Front 43

Australopithecus afarensis Discovered by -

Back 43

Don Johanson / Hadar, Ethiopia / 1973

Front 44

Australopithecus afarensis Distribution -

Back 44

Hadar, Ethiopia, East Africa, several other East African sites

Front 45

Australopithecus afarensis Cranial Capacity -

Back 45

370-550 cc

Front 46

Australopithecus afarensis Features -

Back 46

3'6'' - 4'6'', weight 65-100 lbs, Dentition; large molars, thick enamel, reduced canines, sexually dimorphic, true biped, "Lucy"

Front 47

Species after Australopithecus afarensis -

Back 47

Kenyanthropus platyops

Front 48

Kenyanthropus platyops Date -

Back 48

3.5 - 3.2 mybp

Front 49

Kenyanthropus platyops Discovered by -

Back 49

Justus Erus of Meave Leakey's team / 1999 / Lomekwi, Kenya

Front 50

Kenyanthropus platyops Distribution -

Back 50

Lomekwi, West Lake Turkana, Kenya, East Africa

Front 51

Kenyanthropus platyops Cranial Capacity -

Back 51

similar to A. afarensis, so around 375-550 cc

Front 52

Kenyanthropus platyops Features -

Back 52

"flat-faced man of Kenya", great deal of distortion due to condition of skull found, thought at one time to be A. afarensis, large flat-face, small teeth

Front 53

Species after Kenyanthropus platyops -

Back 53

Australopithecus bahrelghazali

Front 54

Australopithecus bahrelghazali Date -

Back 54

3.5 - 3.0 mybp

Front 55

Australopithecus bahrelghazali Discovered by -

Back 55

Michael Brunet / 1993 / Northern Chad

Front 56

Australopithecus bahrelghazali Distribution -

Back 56

Bahrel Ghazal Valley / near Koro Toro, Chad, North-Central Africa

Front 57

Australopithecus bahrelghazali Cranial Capacity -

Back 57

no reasonably complete cranial remains yet discovered

Front 58

Australopithecus bahrelghazali Features -

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appears to be herbivorus, similar dentition to A. afarensis, northern most australopithecine

Front 59

Species after Australopithecus bahrelghazali -

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Australopithecus africanus

Front 60

Australopithecus africanus Date -

Back 60

3 - 2 mybp

Front 61

Australopithecus africanus Discovered by -

Back 61

Raymond Dart / Limestone Quarry in Taung, South Africa / 1924

Front 62

Australopithecus africanus Distribution -

Back 62

Taung, South Africa, as well as other South African sites

Front 63

Australopithecus africanus Cranial Capacity -

Back 63

430-520 cc

Front 64

Australopithecus africanus Features -

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3'8'' - 4'6'', weight 65-90 lbs, sexually dimorphism, dentition; small canines, no diastema, smaller molars, "gracile", "Taung Child"

Front 65

Supraorbital torus -

Back 65

or "brow ridge", still seen in male homo sapiens, but to a much lesser extent than in our ancestors

Front 66

Sagittal Crest -

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caused by chewing muscles, found in robust australopithecus

Front 67

Sagittal Keel -

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slight keeling of parietal bones - found in homo erectus

Front 68

Receding symphysis -

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abscence of chin - only homo sapiens do not have this feature, some homo sapiens have a very pronounced symphysis

Front 69

Postorbital Constriction -

Back 69

pinching in of the frontal portion of the skull - decrease in post orbital constriction corresponds with increase in brain size

Front 70

Cranial Vault -

Back 70

forehead or lack thereof – cranial vaulting increases in later hominid species

Front 71

Pneumatic flaring –

Back 71

Flaring of the occipital region

Front 72

Occipital Bun -

Back 72

found in homo neanderthalensis - helps to balance the head -counterweight to heavy facial bones

Front 73

Endocast -

Back 73

impression of the interior of the cranium - this can show features of the vascular system of the brain

Front 74

Flat face -

Back 74

indentation of the mid-portion of the cranium

Front 75

Mid-face prognathism -

Back 75

jutting out of the mid portion of the face

Front 76

Prominent zygomatic arches -

Back 76

large cheek bones

Front 77

Species after Australopithecus africanus -

Back 77

Australopithecus aethiopicus

Front 78

Australopithecus aethiopicus Date -

Back 78

2.5 mybp

Front 79

Australopithecus aethiopicus Discovered by -

Back 79

Arambourg and Coopens / 1967 / Omo, Ethiopia

Front 80

Australopithecus aethiopicus Distribution -

Back 80

Omo, Ethiopia, East Africa, as well as Kenya

Front 81

Australopithecus aethiopicus Cranial Capacity -

Back 81

410 cc

Front 82

Australopithecus aethiopicus Features -

Back 82

"The Black Skull", large face, jaws, large saggital crest, shares many traits with A. afarensis

Front 83

Species after Australopithecus aethiopicus -

Back 83

Australopithecus garhi

Front 84

Australopithecus garhi Date -

Back 84

2.5 mybp

Front 85

Australopithecus garhi Discovered by -

Back 85

Asfaw and White / 1997 / Named by Yohannes Haile-Selaisse in 1999

Front 86

Australopithecus garhi Distribution -

Back 86

Bouri, Ethiopia, Middle Awash, East Africa

Front 87

Australopithecus garhi Cranial Capacity -

Back 87

450 cc (male)

Front 88

Australopithecus garhi Features -

Back 88

found with butchered animal bones, sagittal crest in males, dentition; short upper canines, u-shaped denial arcade, "gracile", large molars, possible tool use

Front 89

Species after Australopithecus garhi -

Back 89

Australopithecus boisei

Front 90

Australopithecus boisei
Date -

Back 90

2.3 - 1.3 mybp

Front 91

Australopithecus boisei Discovered by -

Back 91

Mark Leakey / Oldvai Gorge, Tanzania / 1959

Front 92

Australopithecus boisei Distribution -

Back 92

Oldvai Gorge, Tanzania, East Africa, other sites too

Front 93

Australopithecus boisei Cranial Capacity -

Back 93

487 cc

Front 94

Australopithecus boisei Features -

Back 94

dished face, 3'6''-4'4'', 75-110 lbs, dentition; short canines, small front teeth, huge molars, "Nutcrackerman"

Front 95

Species after Australopithecus boisei -

Back 95

Australopithecus robustus

Front 96

Australopithecus robustus Date -

Back 96

2 - 1 mybp

Front 97

Australopithecus robustus Discovered by -

Back 97

Robert Broom / Kroomdraii, South Africa / 1938

Front 98

Australopithecus robustus Distribution -

Back 98

Kroomaii, South Africa, as well as other South African sites

Front 99

Australopithecus robustus Cranial Capacity -

Back 99

530 cc

Front 100

Australopithecus robustus Features -

Back 100

massive jaw, sagittal crest as anchor for large chewing muscles, larger and thicker teeth, flat face, coarse diet, large brow ridges, no forehead

Front 101

Species after Australopithecus robustus -

Back 101

Homo rudolfensis

Front 102

Homo rudolfensis Date -

Back 102

2.4 - 1.6 mybp

Front 103

Homo rudolfensis Discovered by -

Back 103

Alexeev (Bernard Ngeneo w/ Richard Leakey) / 1972

Front 104

Homo rudolfensis Distribution -

Back 104

Koobi Fora, Kenya, East Africa

Front 105

Homo rudolfensis Cranial Capacity -

Back 105

752 - 810 cc

Front 106

Homo rudolfensis Physical Features and other information -

Back 106

coexisted with homo habilis, 4'9''-5'0'', weight 112-132 lbs, dentition; smaller molars, larger front teeth, small brow ridges and rounder occipital base

Front 107

Species after Homo rudolfensis -

Back 107

Homo habilis

Front 108

Homo habilis Date -

Back 108

2.0 - 1.5 mya

Front 109

Homo habilis Discovered by/ Year -

Back 109

Mary and Louis Leakey / Oldavai Gorge, Kenya / 1960

Front 110

Homo habilis Distribution -

Back 110

Oldavai Gorge, Tanzania, as well as Kenya, East and South Africa

Front 111

Homo habilis Cranial Capacity -

Back 111

590-710 cc

Front 112

Homo habilis Physical features and other information -

Back 112

somewhat prognathic face, large brow ridge, longer arms and shorter legs than modern humans, 4'2''-5'2'', 70-114 lbs, tool use, "handy man"

Front 113

Species after Homo habilis -

Back 113

Homo eragster

Front 114

Homo eragster Date -

Back 114

2.0 - 1.5 mybp

Front 115

Homo eragster Discovered by/ Year -

Back 115

Groves and Mozak / 1984 / Lake Turkana, Kenya

Front 116

Homo eragster Distribution -

Back 116

Nariokotome, Lake Turkana, Kenya, East and South Africa

Front 117

Homo eragster Cranial Capacity -

Back 117

850-910 cc

Front 118

Homo eragster Physical Features and other information -

Back 118

5'3''-6'0'', 145 lbs, efficent walker, thinner skull bones, found in Europe, Acheulean tool technology, perhaps fire use

Front 119

Species after Homo eragster -

Back 119

Homo erectus

Front 120

Homo erectus Date -

Back 120

2.0 mya - 27 kya

Front 121

Homo erectus Discovered by/ Year -

Back 121

Eugene Dubois / 1891 / Solo River, near the town of Trinil

Front 122

Homo erectus Distribution -

Back 122

Africa, Asia, and Europe (but more strictly Asia)

Front 123

Homo erectus Cranial Capacity -

Back 123

750-1250 cc

Front 124

Homo erectus Physical features and other information -

Back 124

5'6'', 150 lbs, first to move out of Africa, dentition; reduced molars and premolars, used fire, cooked food, thicker skull bones

Front 125

Species after Homo erectus -

Back 125

Homo antecessor / Homo heidelbergensis

Front 126

Homo antecessor / Homo heidelbergensis Date -

Back 126

800 - 100 kybp

Front 127

Homo antecessor / Homo heidelbergensis Physical features and other information -

Back 127

4'9''-6'1'', weight 110-165 lbs, evidence of hunting, robust body, smaller and seperate eye brows, higher cranial vault, less prognathic face

Front 128

Homo antecessor / Homo heidelbergensis Discovered by -

Back 128

Shotensack / 1907 / Mauer, Germany

Front 129

Homo antecessor / Homo heidelbergensis Distribution -

Back 129

Europe, Asia, Africa

Front 130

Homo antecessor / Homo heidelbergensis Cranial Capacity -

Back 130

1100-1450 cc

Front 131

Species after Homo antecessor / Homo heidelbergensis -

Back 131

Homo neanderthalensis

Front 132

Homo neanderthalensis Date -

Back 132

225 - 28 kybp

Front 133

Homo neanderthalensis Discovered by/ Year -

Back 133

Johann Karl Fuhlrott / 1856 / Neander Valley, Germany

Front 134

Homo neanderthalensis Distribution -

Back 134

Europe, West Asia

Front 135

Homo neanderthalensis Cranial Capacity -

Back 135

1250-1750 cc

Front 136

Homo neanderthalensis Physical features and other information -

Back 136

4'6''-5'6'', weight 110-165 lbs, large nose, modern hyboid bone, robust stocky physique, mousterian technology, cannabilism, intentional burial

Front 137

Species after Homo neanderthalensis -

Back 137

Homo floresiensis

Front 138

Homo floresiensis Date -

Back 138

95 - 13 kybp

Front 139

Homo floresiensis Discovered by/ Year -

Back 139

Brown and Morwood / 2003 / Flores Island, Indonesia

Front 140

Homo floresiensis Distribution -

Back 140

Flores Island, Indonesia

Front 141

Homo floresiensis Cranial Capacity -

Back 141

380 cc

Front 142

Homo floresiensis Physical features and other information -

Back 142

3' tall, 55 lbs, evolved as the result of the island environment of Flores along w/ other animals on the island

Front 143

Species after Homo floresiensis -

Back 143

Homo sapiens

Front 144

Homo sapiens Discovered by/ Year -

Back 144

Klasies River mouth, South Africa / border cave in Omo Kibish 1, Ethiopia / Tim White, 2003, Middle Awash, Ethiopia

Front 145

Homo sapiens Date -

Back 145

130 kybp - Present

Front 146

Homo sapiens Distribution -

Back 146

Across the globe

Front 147

Homo sapiens Cranial Capacity -

Back 147

1300 cc (average)

Front 148

Homo sapiens Physical features and other information

Back 148

vertical forehead, relatively small brow ridge, pyramidal mastoid process, canine fossa, definite chin

Front 149

Reproduction Video Questions (RVQ) - How many sperm in an average ejacualtion

Back 149

400 million sperm

Front 150

RVQ - What percent of sperm reaches the fallopian tubes -

Back 150

less than 1 percent

Front 151

RVQ - how many sperm reach the egg

Back 151

100 sperm

Front 152

RVQ - how many sperm penetrated the egg -

Back 152

1 sperm

Front 153

RVQ - How many days does it take for the egg to implant -

Back 153

7 days

Front 154

RVQ - what percent of fertelized eggs implant the uterus -

Back 154

50 percent of fertilized eggs implant the uterus

Front 155

RVQ - when does a fertilized egg become an embryo -

Back 155

after the 5th week

Front 156

RVQ - by what week are the internal organs formed -

Back 156

after the 8th week

Front 157

RVQ - when does the fetus become completely formed -

Back 157

after the 13th week

Front 158

RVQ - what does the fetus lack at week 32 -

Back 158

a good layer of insulating fat and the lung tissue is not yet complete

Front 159

emissary foramen

Back 159

in skull, but often not present

Front 160

Radiator theory

Back 160

less exposure to the sun as a result of an upright posture has allowed humans to adapt better as well as have less hair and being able to sweat; this all has the result of cooling the brain significantly in gracile australopithicinces

Front 161

Homo georgicus

Back 161

discovered in 1999, Dmanisi in Georgia, 1.8 mybp

Front 162

Olduwan Tool Technology Age -

Back 162

2.6 - 2.5 mybp

Front 163

Olduwan Tool Technology Where -

Back 163

East Africa

Front 164

Olduwan Tool Technology Who -

Back 164

Mary and Louis Leakey

Front 165

Olduwan Tool Technology Hominid -

Back 165

Homo habilis, "handy man"

Front 166

Olduwan tools -

Back 166

hammer stone, core, flake

Front 167

Acheulean Tool Technology Age

Back 167

1.6 - 1.4 mya

Front 168

Acheulean Tool Technology locations -

Back 168

East Africa, Asia, and Europe

Front 169

Acheulean Tool Technology hominids -

Back 169

Homo erectus

Front 170

Acheulean Tool Technology tools

Back 170

hand axe

Front 171

Mousterian Tool Technology Age -

Back 171

500 - 400 kya

Front 172

Mousterian Tool Technology Locations -

Back 172

SW France

Front 173

Mousterian Tool Technology hominids -

Back 173

Homo neanderthalensis, Archaic homo sapiens

Front 174

Mousterian Tool Technology tools -

Back 174

small hand axe

Front 175

Levallois technique -

Back 175

the process of stone tool manufacture using a prepared core, associated with Mousterian Tool Technology in the Middle and Upper Patheolithic

Front 176

Core -

Back 176

large piece of stone from which flakes have been removed

Front 177

Flake -

Back 177

fragment of stone removed from a larger core and could be used to make complex tools

Front 178

Hammer stones -

Back 178

stone used to strike core stone and remove flakes

Front 179

Hand-axe -

Back 179

a pear-shape or ovoid stone tool which has been worked on both sides (beginning in the Acheulean Tool Era)

Front 180

Meaning of Osteodontokeratic -

Back 180

Bone - Dental - Tool (Osteo - donto - keratic)

Front 181

Osteodontokeratic industry -

Back 181

The Osteodontokeratic industry is a theoretical construct of the anthropologist, Raymond Dart. He proposed that certain jagged animal bones and horns found at the Makepansgat hominid site represent pre-lithic artifacts with which Australopithecus murdered and cannibalized his fellow Australopithecines

Front 182

savethechimps.org

Back 182

a website that is dedicated to improving the lifes of chimps who have been used for commercial purposes

Front 183

Multiregional model -

Back 183

african origin, gene flow, parallel evolution between species

Front 184

Hybrid model -

Back 184

interbreeding between species, etc.

Front 185

African Origin model -

Back 185

African Adam, 180 kybp, Y Chromosome, Lemba (dark-skinned Jewish people in South Africa), African Eve, 125 kybp, Mitochondrial DNA

Front 186

Mitochondrial DNA -

Back 186

only inherited from the mother, mutates faster than DNA -lacks repair ensymes, studied in several different human populations, greatest diversity found in African population, therefore the eldest population - molecular clock

Front 187

Native American Origins -

Back 187

Four rare mtDNA haplotypes are found in native Americans, the same haplotypes in Mongolia and China

Front 188

Neanderthal -

Back 188

Mitochondrial DNA studies indicate that he was not a direct human ancestor, contemporary species with early homo sapiens, homo sapiens outcompeted homo neanderthalensis

Front 189

Domestication -

Back 189

10 kybp, property, structured homes, warfare, increased population, economic stratification, job diversity, political stratification, monetary system, increased disease, increased malnutrition

Front 190

Development -

Back 190

Embyological differentiation of organs and tissues - earliest stage of growth

Front 191

Growth -

Back 191

an increase in the number of cells in an organism

Front 192

Interstitial Growth -

Back 192

growth by new cell formations

Front 193

Appositional Growth -

Back 193

growth by adding layers at a specific point or plane

Front 194

Stage 1: Prenatal/Embryonic -

Back 194

conception to birth, rapid growth, differentiation of various tissues, 40 weeks in humans

Front 195

Stage 2: Infancy -

Back 195

earliest stage of postpartum growth, birth to time of weaning, completely dependent on mother

Front 196

Stage 3: Childhood -

Back 196

growth from weaning to attainment of adult brain size, it is also part of the juvenile stage, is unique to humans

Front 197

Stage 4: Juvenile -

Back 197

growth from the eruption of the first to the last permanent tooth, it is also part of adolescence

Front 198

Stage 5: Adolescence -

Back 198

Begins with the onset of puberty, ends with the attainment of full adult stature, age has very greatly during the past

Front 199

Maturation of Females: Menarche in females -

Back 199

Average age is 12.5, followed by 1-3 years of subfecundity, pelvis attains human size at age 17-18, females reach adult reproductive maturity between 20 and 24 years old, miscarriage and low birth weight baby rates are higher for young mothers

Front 200

Maturation in Males: Puberty in males -

Back 200

Early seminal fluids contain sperm, not fully fecund at the time, medians for sperm production is 13.5, males are usually 2 years behind females in growth, females have peak growth prior to puberty

Front 201

Stage 6: Adulthood -

Back 201

from last eruption of permenant teeth until death, longest life spans in primates

Front 202

Stage 7: Old Age -

Back 202

Post-reproduction; Menopause in females, rate of cell death greater than replacement

Front 203

Aids Theory Article: Author -

Back 203

Jim Moore, graduated from Harvard in 1985, currently teaches at UCSD

Front 204

Aids Theory Article: Theory One -

Back 204

Tainted Polio Vaccine (OPV), this theory believes that contaminated polio vaccines used by Koprowski in the late 1950s in West Africa were responsible for spreading the main HIV-1, this view has been supported by Curtis, Elswood, Pascal, Kyle, and Hooper

Front 205

Aids Theory Article: Theory Two -

Back 205

Cut Hunter theory, this theory states that hunters in West Africa who were cut while in close proximity of chimps and other apes and monkeys caught the aids virus and as a result of "modernization", this disease was spread throughtout urban areas

Front 206

Aids Theory Article: Theory Three -

Back 206

Contaminated Needles theory, this theory is supported by Preston A. Marx and states that disposable needles were reused many times earlier in the twentieth century, allowing the aids virus to mutate and spread rapidly

Front 207

Aids Theory Article: Theory Four -

Back 207

Heart of Darkness theory, this theory is supported by Moore, Chitnis, and Rawls and states that as a result of colonial forced labor practices and many other factors described in the contaminated needles theory, aids was allowed to spread rapidly and kill many without the knowledge of the scientific community until much later on

Front 208

Secular Trends -

Back 208

trends in growth or morphological characteristics attributable to changing environmental factors, (e.g., decrease in the age of menarche, nutrition, disease), not genetic adaptation*

Front 209

Human Adaptability -

Back 209

Acclimization; physiological adaptation over a period from weeks to years, may have some morphological effect, genetically passed on (barrel chest in high altitude)

Front 210

Acclimation -

Back 210

physiological adaptation over a period of time, jet lag, tanning

Front 211

Habituation -

Back 211

neurophysiological mechanism, tune out unwanted stimuli, accomadation only takes a few minutes, "white noise", parents

Front 212

Nutritional Adaptations -

Back 212

thrifty genotype - adaptation to storing excess calories - excess is then burned off during times of famine or scarcity of food

Front 213

Pre-Agricultural Human Diet -

Back 213

high in complex carbohydrates and fiber as well as protein, low in fat and sodium

Front 214

Contemprorary Diet -

Back 214

low in complex carbohydrates and fiber as well as protein, high in fat and sodium

Front 215

Museum of Man Project -

Back 215

Good Study Tool!

Front 216

Museum of Man Website -

Back 216

Good Study Tool!

Front 217

Museum of Man Website Summary -

Back 217

Good Study Tool!

Front 218

Wikireasearch -

Back 218

Good Study Tool!

Front 219

Postorbital Bar -

Back 219

big eye sockets bone, tarsiers, not humans because humans are not diurnal

Front 220

What is "Lucy" -

Back 220

A. afarensis

Front 221

Who had an occipital bun -

Back 221

H. neanderthalensis

Front 222

Where was H. florensis found -

Back 222

On Flores Island in Indonesia

Front 223

Who found "Lucy" -

Back 223

Donald Johansen

Front 224

Who found the "Taung Child", and what is the "Taund Child" -

Back 224

Raymond Dart found it in 1924 and it is A. africanus

Front 225

What is the stage called from being fetal to the differentiation of cells called -

Back 225

Development

Front 226

At what stage does puberty take place -

Back 226

Adolescents

Front 227

What is the only speices of homo to make it to the new world -

Back 227

Homo Sapiens

Front 228

What are the Lemba -

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they are the dark-skinned Jewish people of southern Africa

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What is the theory that early homos evolved parallely across Africa, Asia, and Europe -

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Multiregional Model

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What is the theory of replacement from homo sapiens that orginated in Africa -

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Out of Africa Model

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Remember to know what species are ----- than others -

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older

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Is tugenisis older than plateourous -

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Yes

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Which are older, A. africanus or A. Bosei

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africanus

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Who used Mousterian tool technology -

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H. neanderthalensis

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What is the oldest tool tradition -

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Olduwan

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Osteodontokeratic is what -

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it is the bone tool tradition

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Upper Paleolithic -

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40 - 10 kya

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Middle Paleolithic -

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300 - 30 kya

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Three time periods examined are -

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Miocene, Piocene

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Pliocene -

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5.332 - 1.806 mybp

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Pleistocene -

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1,808,000 mya - 11,550 kya

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Miocene -

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23 - 5.3 mybp

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Lower Paleolithic -

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2.5 mya - 120 kya

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Lower Paleolithic associated with -

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Olduwan culture
Acheulean culture
Clactonian culture

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Upper Paleolithic associated with -

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Châtelperronian culture
Aurignacian culture
Gravettian culture
Solutrean culture
Magdalenian culture

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Middle Paleolithic associated with -

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Mousterian culture
Aterian culture

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Middle Pleistocene -

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780 kya - 125 kya

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Upper Pleistocene -

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125 kya - 10 kya

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What does Trinkaus believe -

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Trinkaus says that H. Sapiens and H. Neanderthalensis interbred more than was previously thought,

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What does Chris Stringer believe -

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Chris Stringer says that since modern humans are not well-suited to live in cold climates, it is less likely that H. neanderthalensis bred with H. Sapiens

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What does Lahn believe -

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he believes that H. neanderthalensis contributed a gene to humans that allowed our brains to grow larger

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Epidemiology -

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the study of diseases

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Zoonose -

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a disease spread by animals (e.g., rabies, mad cow, e bola, bird flu)

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Vector -

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transmitting agent for disease (e.g., mosquitos for malaria and fleas for bubonic plague)

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Endemic -

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always present in the population, continously present in the population (e.g., chicken pox in the UK, malaria in West Africa)

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Epidemic -

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rapid spreading, widespread, infecting large numbers of people, spreading faster than "expected" (e.g., the Black Death in Europe, the Great Influeza Pandemic after WW1)

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Pandemic -

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spread over a wide geographic location, endemic affecting a larger region (e.g., Aids, Great Influenza Pandemic after WW1, malaria,)

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Infectious (Communicable) diseases -

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generally caused by bacteria, virus, fungus, and parasites

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Top ten infectious diseases -

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Influenza, Tuberculosis, Cholera, AIDS, Malaria, Measles, Hepatatis, Bordatella/Pertuses, Tetanus, Dengue/Hemorragic fever

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Non-Infectionious (Non-Communicable) Disease -

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caused by genetic or environmental influences, can be linked to diet/nutrition, work, pollution/contamination, technology, as well as by drug addiction, and obesity

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Eleven examples of Non-infectious disease are -

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Cancer,Heart disease, Kidney disease, Liver disease, Respiratory Illness (Pulmonary Fibrosis, Emphysema), Neurological disorders, Digestive System disease, Arthritis
, and Diabetes

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Dean Falk -

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creator of the radiator theory

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Transverse Sinus -

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Found in "gracile" australopithicines

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O.M. Sinus -

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Found in "robust" australopiticines

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Brain cooling is made by -

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Foramina bipedalism and protein (blood flow patterns)

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Order of the Species based on age (oldest to youngest) -

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Sehelanthropus tchadensis, Orrorin Tugenesis, Ardipithecus kaddaba, Ardipithecus Ramidus, Australopithecus anamensis, Australopithecus afarensis, Kenyanthropus platyops, Australopithecus bahrelghazali, Australopithecus africanus, Australopithecus aethiopicus, Australopithecus garhi, Homo rudolfensis, Australopithecus boisei, Homo habilis, Homo eragster, Australopithecus robustus, Homo erectus, Homo antecessor, Homo neanderthalensis, Homo sapiens, Homo floresiensis

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Order of Species Based on the size of cranial capacity (largest to smallest) -

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Homo neanderthalensis, Homo sapiens, Homo antecessor, Homo erectus, Homo eragster, Homo rudolfensis, Homo habilis, Australopithecus robustus, Australopithecus boisei, Australopithecus garhi, Australopithecus africanus, Australopithecus aethiopicus, Kenyanthropus platyops, Homo floresiensis, Sehelanthropus tchadensis

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Chronology of Discoveries –

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1) Brunet and Djimdomallsaie in Torros Menalla, Chad in 2001
2) Pickford and Senut in Baringo, Kenya in Feb 2001
3) Haile-Selassie in Middle Awash, Central Ethiopia in July 2001
4) White, Suwa, and Asfaw in Aramis, Ethiopia in 1993
5) Bryan Patterson in Kanapoi, Kenya in 1965 and Leakey’s team in 1995
6) Don Johanson in Hadar, Ethiopia in 1973
7) Justus Erus of Meave Leakey’s team in Lomekwi, Kenya in 1999
8) Michel Brunet in Northern Chad in 1993
9) Raymond Dart in Taung, South Africa in 1924
10) Araumbourg and Coopens in Omo, Ethiopia in 1967
11) Asfaw and White in Bouri, Ethiopia 1997 and named by Haile-Selaise in 1999
12) Mary Leakey in Oldvai Gorge, Tanzania in 1959
13) Richard Broom in Kroomdraai, South Africa in 1938
14) Alexeev (Ngeneo and Richard Leaky) in Koobi Fora, Kenya in 1972
15) Mary and Louis Leakey in Olduvai Gorge, Kenya in 1960
16) Groves and Mozak in Lake Turkana, Kenya in 1984
17) Eugene Dobois at the Solo River near the town of Trinl in Indonesia in 1891
18) Shotensack in Mauer, Germany in 1907
19) Johann Karl Fuhlrott in Neander Valley, Germany in 1856
20) Brown and Morwood in Flores Island, Indonesia in 2003
21) Klasies River Valley and White in Middle Awash, Ethiopia in 2003