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64 Cards in this Set
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- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Neolithic Revolution
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Farming! Up to this point, everyone has hunted or gathered their food.
-Paleolithic (Old Stone Age) |
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Mesolithic Period
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-12,000-10,000 ya
-Earliest signs of widespread plant use -Plant domestication -Early domestication of animals |
Earliest
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In the mesolithic period, populations become....
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more SEDENTARY (housing structures)
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Technological Advancements of the Mesolithic Period
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-Ground stone tools
-Microliths (small stone blades) -Composite tools (stone blades n wooden handles) -Early plant domestication |
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Who are the Natufians?
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-example of Mesolithic culture
-12,500-10,200 ya in the Eastern Mediterranean -Built dwellings, had stone sickles for plant cutting, plaster-lined pits for food storage -Intentional burials in shallow cemetery graves. |
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What are the major themes of the Neolithic Period?
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Farming
Agriculture Cities States |
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Neolithic Revolution
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widespread use of domesticated plants and animals... completely changed culture, how people behave, how they group themselves
-reliance on domestication -increasing sedentism |
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When was the Neolithic Revolution?
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10,000 ya
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Cultural change
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**Innovation
-a new idea, method, or device that gains widespread acceptance -Primary= initial invention -Secondary= diffusion to other cultures or re-invention of a previous idea |
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Domestication
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a process of modifying either plants or animals for human needs
-4 types: horticulture, agriculture, pastoralism, vegaculture |
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Horticulture
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cultivation of crops with simple hand tools
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Agriculture
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intensive crop cultivation, employing plows, fertilizers, and/or irrigation
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Pastoralism
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breeding and managing of migratory herds of domesticated grazing animals (cows, goats, llamas, etc)
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Vegaculture
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Cultivation of domesticated root crops
*done in areas of the world where agriculture cannot be done (soil is poor) |
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Evidence for plant and animal domestication
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-Paleobotany
-Zooarchaeology |
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Paleobotany
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compare changing structures of plants (seeds) through times... seeds/grains become larger
*Bone and tooth analysis: isotopes in bone and teeth wear *Pottery residue analysis: remains of what were cooked in a pot |
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Zooarchaeology
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compare the changing structure (bones) of animals through time
*robusticity reduces with time *sex ratios of butchered animals |
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Consequences of Domestication
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-less varied diet (less nutritional food)
-dependence on a few crops (starvation) -environmental degradation --> soil loses nutrients -free time: farming is more labor-intensive -Population growth leads to disease and war |
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Domestication's effect on population growth?
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-weaning food: oatmeal, reduce length of breastfeeding
-more children= more workers -lower mortality rates from better |
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Complex society
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increased technologies, ceremony/religion, social classes, trade
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Domestication's effect on Human Biology
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-reduce robusticity of bones, tooth wear, less osteoarthritis, increased chronic nutritional stress (enamel hypoplasis-tooth growth stoppages)
-Disease due to an increased density of people in one area -Close living with animals= new diseases |
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Civilization
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a community that has a SOCIAL STRATIFICATION, structures, shared ideas
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When did the Neolithic villages become towns, cities, then states
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6,000 ya Mesopotamia
5,000 ya China 4,500 ya Nile River and Indus River Valley 4000 ya Peru 2,000 ya Mesoamerica |
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Characteristics of early cities??
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-Large population
- Organized planning by a centralized authority... planned design -Increasing technology --> drainage systems -Social Stratification and Economic diversity |
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Social Stratification
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Rulers, priests, artisans/merchants, commoners
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Economic Diversity
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craft specialization... people worked on "a job"
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Agricultural innovation as cities expanded
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irrigation with canals, dams, dikes, and reservoirs allow for increased yields from the fields
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Diversification of labor as cities expanded?
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craft specialization (goldsmiths, sculptors, etc), war (defend territory), technology (granaries, metal working), trade
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Bureaucracy
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levels of government-- Inca! one supreme ruler with the empire divided into sections
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Oldest writing is ____ years old
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8,600 ya in China
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When and where were the first codified laws
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Hammurabi of Babylona, Mesopotamia, 3,800 ybp
-prescribed punishments, rights of people, fixed price of goods, protected women/poor/ children |
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When did the Aztecs show up in the valley of mexico?
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1325 AD (were previously called Mexica)
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Two main problems of Civilization
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-Pollution: innability to remove human waste, caused diseases
-Disease: numerous diseases are the result of too many people and excrement in one place |
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Language
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a system of communication using sounds and/or gestures that are put together in a meaningful way according to a set of rules
- spoken, written, gestures |
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Language is (3)
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symbols, sounds, gestures
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What animals have language?
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-Not cats or dogs... we like them because we can read their facial expressions
-Dolphins -Whales -Bees |
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Linguistics
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the systematic study of all aspects of language
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Descriptive Linguistics
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how we make sense of a language that we do not know
-Painstaking process of recording, describing, and analyzing language features |
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Phonology
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The study of language sounds
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Phonetics
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the systematic identification and description of distinctive speech sounds in the language
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Phonemes
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the smallest units of sounds that make a difference in the meaning of language
-have no meaning by themselves -/c/a/t/ (3) |
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morphology
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the study of patterns or rules of word formation in a language
-verb tense -pluralization -compound words |
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Morphemes
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-the smallest units of sound that carry meaning in a language
-car -hat |
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Syntax
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the pattern of rules for the formation of prases and sentences in a language
*languages order their subjects, verbs, and objects differently |
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Grammar
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the entire formal structure of a language, including morphology and syntax
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Language family
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a group of languages descended from a single ancestral language
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Language diversity
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the development of different languages from a single ancestral language
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Glottochronology
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a method for identifying the approximate time that languages branched off from a common ancestor (when did the romantic languages branch off? 55-1000 AD)
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Core vocabulary
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the most basic and long lasting words in any language- pronouns, lower numbers, names for body parts and natural objects
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Idiosyncratic languages
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personalized
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Sociolinguistic
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the study of the relationship between language and society through examining ho social categories influence the use and interpretation of distinctive styles of speech *Texting- you= u, lol
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Gendered speech
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distinctive male and female speech patterns, which vary across social and cultural settings
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Dialects
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varying forms of a language that reflect particular regions, occupations, or social classes and that are similar enough to be mutually intelligible
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Ethnolinguistics
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a branch of lingistics that studies the relationships between language and culture and how they mutually influence and inform eachother
*Linguistic relatively *linguistic determination |
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Linguistic relativity
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he idea that distinctions encoded in one language are unique to that language alone
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Linguistic determination
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the idea that language to some extent shapes the way in which we view and think about the world around us
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Kinesics
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a system of notating and analyzing postures, facial expressions, and bodily motions that convey a message
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Paralanguage
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voice effects that accompany language and convey meaning (giggling, laughing, groaning, sighing, pitch, tempo)
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Tonal language
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a language in which the sound pitch of a spoken word is an essential part of pronunciation and meaning (mandarin chinese)
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Speech to writing?
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devices used to trigger parts of memorized stories, turned into pictographs, stylized/formalized, then abstract symbols for sounds and words
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Earliest spoken language?
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50,000 ya
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Earliest written language?
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8000+ ya
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Pidgen Languages
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simplified speech, for traders
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Creole language
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two or more languages mixed together
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