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124 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Matin Heidegger's theory? |
We don't always think about every word we're going to say and how we're going to say it and when. We talk unobtrusively
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what are the basic 3 goals of linguistic anthropology?
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1. exposing the unobtrusiveness of language, how language disrupts thinking
2. understand how language and culture mutually constitute one another (also referencing culture when speaking) 3. developing a methodology that can recognize and utilize this situation |
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What did John Wesley Powell believe?
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that lanuages could be an excellent tool for the classification of cultures, largely based on word lists. He went into the new America and asked Natives to tell him important words of their language = word lists
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What did Franz Boas believe?
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-that each language must be studied in and for itself
-yet, lanuage DOES play a crucial role, and should be studied by anthropologists -language is a window on the human mind (Panic) -Understanding of grammatical systems (syntax), now just making word lists -lack of certain linguistic forms doesn't = lack of abstract thought (not same word in 1 lang as another, doesn't mean a person isn't capable of abstract thought -the underlying unity of the human mind (there are universals) -developed scientific standards |
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Edward Sapir was ______'s student and influenced _______.
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Boaz's student and influenced Whorf
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* What did Edward Sapir believe?
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-Everyone has language
-"language is an essentially perfect means of expression and communication among every known people. - no "partial" or "primitive" language |
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What is the simple definition of Linguistic Relativity?
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being situated in a particular language makes you see the world in a particular way, that would be different if you were in another language.
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What does Linguistic Relativity arise from?
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-Franz boas: each language must be studied in and for itself
-19th C Romantic association btwn a language & the spirit ("Geist") of a nation, or the language and the worldview ("Weltanschauung") of its speakers -- ex) English lang represents what it means to live in England -AND the encounter with languages of indigenous peoples of the Americas |
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What is the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis essentially a theory of?
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Linguistic Relativity
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What is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?
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-different languages have different ways of encoding information about the world and our experience of it
-"The tyrannical hold that linguistic form has upon our orientation in the world" |
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What is Whorf's Linguistic Relativity Principle?
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-Don't have the same perception of the world if you speak another language
-not equivalents of observers |
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What did John Gumperz have to say about the speech community?
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"any human aggregate characterized by regular and frequent interaction by means of a shared body of verbal signs and set off from similar aggregates by significant differences in language usage"
ex) a group of kids who have developed their own way of talking to one another |
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ex of speech community
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Architecture: specific words to describe architecture, that only an architect could understand, but still within the English language
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What are the 5 main points of Morgan's "AAE Speech Community" article?
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1. research can be dangerous tot the health of its subjects
2. language ideology - speakers have their own theories about the use of their language 3. linguistics vs. linguistic anthro 4. verbal dexerity & code-switching 5. Indexicality |
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Phonological Features of AAVE
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- reduction of word-final consonant clusters (han')
- realization of final ng in geruns (walkin') - realization of voiceless th (baf for bath) - metathesis of transposition of adjacent consonants (aks for ask) - stress on first rather than second syllable (POleece) |
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Grammatical Features of AAVE
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- removing is and are (he tall)
- use of be (he be walkin') - use of be done (she be done had her baby) - use of come to express speaker's indignation about an action or event (He come walkin in here..) |
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What are 5 diverse beliefs within the AA Speech community about AAE?
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-"expressive" African character
-symbol of resistance to slavery & oppression, or -an indicator of a slave "mentality" or consciousness -dynamic and always changing -verbal dexterity is critical |
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What does Morgan argue that AAE reflects, according to Bakhtin, in her article?
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that it "reflects language as a symbol of 'actual social life...a multitude of concrete worlds..of bounded verbal-ideological and social belief systems'"
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* What kind of language does Morgan say AAE is?
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"counterlanguage" - tracing partly to a history of development
-complex sign of both resistance and oppression, expressive of African character, and functions to signal community membership and solidarity across class lines |
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What are 3 ideologies about AE in the AA Community?
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1. it is the language of education, therefore status
2. it can signal the rejection of membership in the AA community 3. symbolic of historical oppression |
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What had Morgan found about Middle class AAs?
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they do not associate being middle class with an absence of AA culture.
-neither street culture or associated AAE is completely representative or separated of them |
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What does Morgan argue that AAE suggests?
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AAE suggests the multi-situated nature of AA life
- a multitude of concrete worlds. Because we ALL are living in many different worlds simultaneously. |
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* Who is associated with heteroglossia?
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Mikhail Bakhtin
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* what is heteroglossia?
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when any of us speak, we take words from different worlds and give them our own intentions - but still connected to other concrete worlds
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Mikhail Bakhtin believes that linguistic homogeneity is an ________________
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ideological construction. We really have to work at it.
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What is indexicality?
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words and ways of speaking "point to" various aspects of context.
-Speakers are embedded in various social contexts which give meaning to their words and ways of interacting ex: use AAE to index solidarity across class lines |
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According to Capps & Ochs, genetic and psychological approaches to understanding agoraphobia are only ________.
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partial; they can be used to construct a world view (Linguistic Relativity)
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The plot of a story is similar to a theory of events, so it is a window into how Meg ....
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understands & makes sense of her problem
-stories are windows into intellectual theories |
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The plot of stories have an ___________
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architecture. Can't just listen, you have to record, transcribe, and take apart.
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In the architecture of Meg's stories, she recasts & precasts, which each mean:
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recast: not talking so much about reality, but making it scarier. I had to escape, I was frightened, I was crying.
Precasts: introduces the story as scary. "What I'm about to tell you is really scary" |
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In Meg's stories, what are panic spirals?
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panic responds to events are further groundsfor panic which entail responses which have further consequences -> inspire attempts to communicate -> fail -> further panic -> so on
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* Grammar of Abnormality
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reason adverbs + adverbials
metal verbs place adverbs |
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* Grammar of Abnormality: reason adverbs + adverbials
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"unaccountably," "all of a sudden" "out of the blue"
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* Grammar of Abnormality: Mental verbs
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suggest a dialogue with herself: "think," "realize," "become aware"
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* Grammar of Abnormality: Place adverbs
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"here"
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What are 2 grammar of helplessness?
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nonagentive roles: experiencer, feeler (passive)
diminshed agentive roles: verbs of necessity, hypothetical past constructions, "try", negation, intensifiers & deintensifiers |
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** Capps & Ochs find that there is both a ________ & ________
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master narrative/theory and a subjugated narrative/theory. Although Meg is explicitly aware of & helps construct the master narrative, she's not aware of the subjugated.
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Capps & Ochs don't talk about a speech community, but they do talk about a ______ held by a an individual
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world view ("Weltanschauung" - Boaz)
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"Conceptualizations of mental health and illness rely on notions of Weltanschuung in that they ...
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presuppose a world view.
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In Panic, what is "common sense"?
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a set of local expectations that people have, understandings, and practices that members of a community agree is practical and reasonable
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What is Meg's master narrative?
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From the DSM, she is connected to place, and her anxiety comes on suddenly, unaccountably
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What does Meg's master narrative lead her to believe?
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-unlike other normal people
-can't go certain places -everyone else has a common sense view of the world -no explanation for her problem (she can't understand the reason for her problem) |
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** The Key in Panic is the ______ which contains ________________
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setting which contains an alternate theory.
-> events Meg aren't aware of -> stories' theories. all found by recording (Heidegger - doesn't make it obvious, it's unobtrusive) |
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Methodological & theoretical similarity btwn Morgan and Capps&Ochs
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- finding the speakers' own perspectives on their experiences in contrast to the expert.
-language use is indexical - words and ways of speaking "point to" various aspects of context. Idea of heteroglossia |
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What is Schegloff's essential argument?
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"Canonical" (happening all across the data) sequences of phone conversations in openings:
-summons/answer sequence -identification sequence -greeting sequence -exchange of howareyou sequences |
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What are the roles for telephone conversation openings?
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-Gatekeeping: do you want to have this convo?
-Constitution or reestablishing of the relationship btwn participants -organizing the WAY in which something will be talked about (reason for call) |
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What do the roles for telephone convos influence?
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the rest of the phone call
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Telephone calls are not just something people "go through" they are:
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achieved.
At any point, one participant can go out of order. Not a script, but we follow it because it's easier |
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Schegloff argues that routine phone convo openings are achievements because they...
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are arrived at out of a plethora of possibilites for preemptive moves or claims, rather than a mechanical or automatic playings of prescripted routines.
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Telephone rings are not random, but instead ...
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socially produced. Receiver will:
- wait certain number of rings before answering - only pick up in between rings - run to the phone if it's too far |
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What is Talk as Social Action?
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not just about representing reality, but doing things
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How is talk as Social action represented in the Schegloff article?
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The beginnings of telephone conversations
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How is talk as Social action represented in Panic?
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stories
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How is talk as Social action represented in the Morgan article?
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using different codes that index particular experiences and histories
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We no longer think about language as something unitary and coherent, but rather we see many different ______ ________ & ________
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speech communities & varieties
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In terms of Linguistic Relativity, different languages (& language varieties) - the way we talk on a daily basis - make us ...
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different observers of the world.
- different grammar IN USE gives us different world views. - individuals can be apart of many different speech communities which can overlap |
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When is language really only meaningful?
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In contexts of use.
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Context is complex. What are 3 contexts?
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-immediate surrounding talk
-spatial context -historical or more broadly culture |
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What does "language use is constructive" mean?
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We build language with our theories about the world, our social routines and institutions, our identities)
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what is indexicality?
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creates and presupposes.
- can be presupposing, or can be entailing: brings something into the convo that isn't there before |
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What do we have to do in order to understand the full potential of language's meaning in context & the way it builds context)?
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We have to go to the places where people actually use the language. Have to go out into the world and record!
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Speakers, not just scientists who study language ...
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have opinions and theories about why they speak the way they do, or why they experience the world the way they
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Why is it not enough to rely on what people say about their language use?
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Because of the unobtrusiveness of language (Heidegger). We aren't monitoring everything we're saying.
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How does the unobtrusiveness language (Heidegger) relate to Meg?
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She perpetuates her mental disorder because she can't figure out how she's constructing a world view with her language
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Language use is a _______ action.
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social
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What did Anthony Giddens contribute?
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The duality of structure
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If you had to say it in one sentence, what is the Duality of Structure?
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Society provides resources for organizing the social life of its members while members' use of such resources in turn reproduce them. Basically, if you didn't show up, it wouldn't happen.
- if you didn't know how things were supposed to happen, it would be chaotic |
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What is structure?
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stable patterns of behavior
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What is agency?
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agent-centered improvisation
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Importance of stable patterns of social behavior and meaning for people with _______ in particular.
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autism.
(Routine is preferred) |
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Agent-centered improvisational models depict aspects of society that cause problems for people _______
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with autism.
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In phone conversations, autistic people would be more comfortable with..
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routine & NOT skipping "howareyous"
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austim makes communication ________ for those who live with it.
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obtrusive
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For autistic people, _____________ in conversation is the easiest, while interpreting _____________ is the hardest.
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taking turns; indexicality.
Why? Routine. |
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Anthropology can show how it is that individuals with autism can be better ________ into society
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integrated.
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In the Professional Vision article, Goodwin argues that what (in the case of video evidence) transform a brutal beating into professional police practice?
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coding schemes
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According to Capps & Ochs, what is common sense?
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relatively organized body of considered thought and its a set of very local expectations.
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How is Capps & Och's idea of common sense in play in Goodwin's Prof Vision article?
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the jury is creating a local, common sense being create in order to make a case.
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In Prof Vision, Goodwin argues that the trial of Rodney King results in?
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The production of a set of contradictory asymmetries
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What is the contradictory asymmetries between the trial and video of Rodney King?
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Discourse of the trial: Rod is an object to be scrutinized, not an actor with a voice of his own.
Discourse of the video: the police say Rodney is a controlling actor |
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In connection to the Goodwin article, what did Michel Foucault say?
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Technologies of knowledge are technologies of power
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What is Goodwin asking us to look at the point of learning?
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Learning is involved in both these contexts - archaeology and police practice.
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What is an important part of Meacham's article about participation?
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new trajectories of participation emerge in the midst of existing participant frameworks.
i.e. these convos may begin with a structure, but participation can change it, and status may change. |
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The students being the participation with getting their work checked, how does the teacher take it into a new realm?
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By telling Jose to pull his socks down. Street vs. school. Rupert constructs high socks as indexing street life.
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How is Rupert highlighting in the Meacham article?
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he's calling attention to certain behavior and indexing it to other worlds
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In the Meacham article, what does she suggest participation can do?
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change over a course of action
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What does Meacham argue that participation is at Rosewood?
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a technology for the casting and control of students' actions.
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How does Meg represent her own and others' participation in the settings of her stories?
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She doesn't have control. People say "Let's" - very persuasive - therefore hard for Meg to get out of these proposals.
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How does the representation of Meg's participation change across her stories?
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She portrays herself as somebody who must accommodate herself to other people's needs and desires. Then when she's in panic, she needs to be in control and leave.
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When Meg describes the way she participated, what kind of actor does she cast herself as?
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Suddenly in control and abnormal, and apologetic about being in control
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Speaking is part of larger ________
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activities
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Speaking is inherently:
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social, collective, and distributed
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What is participation theorizing?
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How people are involved in socio-culture activities and how that involvement changes across that interaction over time
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What does participation replace?
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old simplistic communicative dichotomies like speaker-hearer or sender-receiver.
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What does Participation evoke?
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shared words
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What continuous process does participation assume?
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interpretation of the world around us, which includes material objects - tools & artifacts - as well as other live bodies.
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* What does participation bring into focus?
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differentiation as well as the unequal share of knowledge and control of resources in society.
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* What issues is participation critical for understanding?
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issues of control, power, socialization, and types of learning
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Who is a lot of the way we talk about participation from?
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Noam Chomsky
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What is Chomsky's theory of language?
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distinguishes between competence and performance
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According to Chomsky, what is competence?
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the innate grammar - knowledge - that is born into every brain.
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According to Chomsky, what is performance?
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the actual use of a linguistic system, the implementation of language knowledge in acts of speaking.
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According to Chomsky, why is studying performance a distraction?
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Because people are incorrect speakers of language.
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According to Chomsky, when can we take up the study of performance?
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when we decide what constitutes this innate grammar.
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According to Dell Hymes, what should we NOT distinguish between?
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competence and performance
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According to Dell Hymes, speakers are competent when they what?
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not only have the knowledge of grammatical rules, but also when they have the knowledge of how to use language varieties appropriately (perform)
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What two terms does Hymes collapse?
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competence and performance
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According to Hymes, what doe you have to know how to do in order to be a particular member of a speech community?
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when and when not to speak, how to be polite, how to request or offer collaboration, how to sound calm, surprised, interested, concerned, and so forth.
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What is heterogenity allow for people to do?
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distinguish themselves and allows for aesthetic effect. Which is the idea of inequality.
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According to Hymes, not all members of the speech community have access to what?
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the same knowledge or to the same repertoire.
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How does Hymes question Chomsky?
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Basically, that the ideal speaker doesn't exist.
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How do you sum up Hymes?
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a focus on performance IS a focus on competence.
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How does a focus on performance include creativity?
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it's the ability to adapt speech to the situation, and ability to extend and manipulate meanings
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What does a focus on performance recognize?
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individuals' unique contribution to a situation and to the evolution of a linguistic tradition. (idea of agency)
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A focus on performance doesn't just look at situations where it matters not only what people say, but ___ they say it.
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how
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Who does a focus on performance recognize the role of?
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the audience
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A focus on performance includes the ability to use what?
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repertoire of different tools (registers, genres, routines, acitivies, expressions, accents, prosodic features, etc)
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According to HHNL, what must a hip artist do?
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come from or know the street!
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What are the 2 relationships of HHNL to AAE?
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familial
it is the submerged area of AAE |
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According to HHNL, there is proud, extreme differentiation of what?
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the Hip Hop lexicon among groups & over time
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What does language in the Hip Hop Nation go way beyond?
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grammar or lexicon. It's attitude, language as action, clothes, facial expressions, body movements, etc.
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How is Hip Hop both ancient and new?
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Rappers are the newest incarnation of ancient storytellers
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What is the Call and Response Hip Hop practice?
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audience and leader are a unified whole, group experientially, there should be no communicative schism.
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What is the Signifying Hip Hop Practice?
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An indirect way of reminding, scolding, or shaming. May sound like a compliment until you take context into consideration.
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