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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Scientific Revolution (18th Century)
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Copernicus - heliocentric
Galileo Keppler- Physics Descartes- Motion Newton- Gravity |
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Georges Cuvier
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Extinction and Catastrophism
Earth's landscape is a result of violent cataclysmic events OPPOSED to LAMARCK |
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Carolus Linnaeus
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Created classification system with two names = Binomial Nomenclature
(John Ray came up with species and genus naming) |
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Charles Lyell
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Uniformitarianism= Geological processes are consistent over time, so big global changes take a while
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Thomas Malthus
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Food supply is limited so competition keeps population smaller than it would be with unlimited resources
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Comte de Buffon
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Stressed importance of change in the universe, and importance of ENVIRONMENT as AGENT of CHANGE
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Catastrophism
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Georges Curvier--> The idea that landscape is a result of giant cataclysmic events
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Uniformitarianism
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Charles Lyell--> processes of the earth add up
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Eukaryotic Cells
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-Has DNA in the form of chromosomes
-Distinct nucleus -Make up multicellular organisms |
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Prokaryotic Cells
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-single celled organism
-No distinct nucleus with membrane, organelles, or anything -includes bacteria/cyanobacteria |
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Somatic Cells
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Any cell of a living organism other than reproductive cells
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Gametes
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A mature sex cell that is able to unite with another of the opposite sex to form a zygote
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Daughter Cells
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Cells that result from meiosis and mitosis
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Mitosis (Process)
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1. Chromosomes randomly align in center of cell
2. Chromosomes split in half 3. Cell pinches at the middle 4. Two daughter cells, each with 46 chromosomes (exact copy of original) |
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Mitosis (Results)
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Identical daughter cells
Somatic cells |
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Meiosis (Process)
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1. Chromosomes line up with partners carrying similar information
2. Pairs exchange info (recombination) 3. Chromosomes move to the center of cell 4. Cell splits, whole chromosomes go to each half 5. Daughter cells split, 4 daughters total, 23 chromosomes in each |
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Meiosis (Results)
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Increases genetic mutation faster than mutation
Sex cells |
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Mendelian Traits
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Traits that are only influenced at one locus involving a dominant allele and a recessive allele
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Dominant Allele
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An allele that masks the effect of others
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Recessive Allele
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Alleles that are masked by dominant ones
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Phenotype
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Genetic material that is actually expressed
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Genotype
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A person's genetic information
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Pedigree Diagrams
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Male=Square
Female=circle Shaded=has trait Unshaded=without trait You=triangle Connected line=married |
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Lamarck's theory of evolution
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Inheritance of acquired characteristics
Giraffe stretching its own neck during life==> passed to children |
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Differential Reproductive Success
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NATURAL SELECTION
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Natural Selection
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Organisms with more beneficial traits will reproduce more and populations will shift in that direction
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Gene Flow
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When genes are exchanged between populations
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Genetic Drift
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Statistical possibility that combination of recessive and dominant can change over time and change ratios
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Founder Effect
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When only a few members of a population reproduce, they do NOT necessarily represent population they came from
Can lead to genetic bottleneck= traits are lost |
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Mutation
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Change in DNA that changes the structure of a gene that (may) then be passed down to kids
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Gene Pool (population)
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Total compliment of genes shared by the reproductive members of a population
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Speciation Process
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The process by which a new species evolves from an older species
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Geographical Isolation
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When a population is separated by a geographical barrier (like a river)
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Behavioral Isolation
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When two populations cannot interact because of behaviors that may not get along with each other
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Analogy
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A similarity based on a common function but NO assumed common ancestor
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Homology
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Similarities based on descent from a common ancestor
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Plesiomorphy
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A trait that is inherited by two populations from a relatively distant ancestor
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Autapomorphy
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A trait modified by an ancestral trait, but that trait is found in only ONE population
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Synapomorphy
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A trait modified from an ancestral trait and whose modification is shared by TWO or more populations
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Paleozoic
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This is when first vertebrates showed up --500mya
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Cenozoic
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-Starts after the k/t boundary
-Made up of tertiary and quaternary periods -65 mya->present -Age of mammals |
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Mesozoic
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Reptile and placental mammals
70 mya Includes: Cretaceous Jurassic Triassic |
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Age of Mammals
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Cenozoic Era, Quaternary Period
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K/T Boundary
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-Cretaceous/Tertiary Boundary
-End of Mesozoic era, beginning of ceozoic END OF DINOS BEG OF MAMMALS |
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Adaptive Radiation
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Diversification of species as they move into and occupy new niches
Species evolve to fit new environments |
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Nucleotide
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Basic unit of DNA = Sugar, phosphate, and 1/4 bases
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DNA
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Deoxyribonucleic Acid.
Main component of chromosomes, contains genetic code |
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Introns
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Does not code for proteins, interrupts sequence of genes
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Exons
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DNA segments transcribed into mRNA to make a protein or peptide sequence
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Ribosomes
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Structures composed of mRNA and protein
Found in cell cytoplasm, essential to the making of proteins |
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mRNA
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Messenger RNA, in Translation it moves from the nuclear membrane to the ribosomes
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tRNA
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Transfer RNA in cytoplasm binds to a specific amino acid and brings it to the ribosomes and lines amino acids with mRNA
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Protein Synthesis
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Assembly of chains of amino acids into functional protein molecules --DNA directs this process
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Placental Mammals
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-Use lots of energy
-High reproductive effort -Enhanced sensory perception (reacting flexibility) -Big brains, processing |
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Sensory Perception
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To do this:
Big Brains Processing power Good reacting/flexibility |
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Gestation
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Carrying or being carried in a womb
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Behavioral Flexibility
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Ability to ADAPT to surroundings in order to survive
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Maturation
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Developing
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Orthograde Posture
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Upright locomotion
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Stereoscopic Vision
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Where visual images are overlayed on each other for DEPTH PERCEPTION or to MAKE 3-D IMAGES
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Infant Dependency Period
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The period the child is taken care of by the parent until it can function on its own
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Quadrupedalism
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When animals move around on all fours, using hands and feet
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Bipedalism
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Walking around on two limbs (legs)
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Brachiation
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Swinging through trees using forelimbs
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Haplorhine
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-Primate Suborder
-Diurnal -Dry Noses -Suborders: TARSIERS & ANTHROPOIDS |
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Lemuriforme
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Suborder of Strepsirhines
ALL LEMURS |
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Strepsirhine
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-One of two Primate Paraorders
-NOCTURNAL -Dependent on sense of smell over vision (Moist noses & NO color vision) -Solitary, small, arboreal ALL LEMURS AND LORISES -Molars with sharp, pointy cusps (INSECTIVORES) -Vertical clingers & leapers -Long legs and backs for jumping |
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Ring Tailed Lemur
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-Lemurid (part of Lemuriformes)
-Highly social -Multimale/multifemale groups -Dominance Hierarchies, male competition -ATYPICAL STREPSIRHINE -Tails used for social communication |
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Dental Comb
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Thin and rounded INCISORS that look like a comb-used for grooming
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Post-Orbital Bar
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Bar at the back of the orbital socket
Adds some structure to eye socket, but only partially encloses eye |
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Tarsier
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-suborder of HAPLORHINE
-from southeast ASIA -NOCTURNAL hunter of insects, frogs and reptiles -Clinging and leaping -Solitary hunters, PAIR BONDS -Glabrous(hairless) fingertips -Incisors (no dental comb) -DRY nose -external auditory meatus (ears) |
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Strepsirhine Traits
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-UNFUSED mandible
-Large Orbits -At least 1 grooming claw -Protruding jaw -Better sense of smell than other primates -ECTOTYMPANIC ring -Slow quadrupedalism -Gum, insects, fruit, & leaves Lemurs=Madagascar Lorises=Africa & Asia |
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Callitrichids
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-CEBOIDEA family (Marmosets, Tamarins)
-Claws instead of nails -2:1:3:2 -MONOGAMOUS or POLYANDROUS -Quadrupedal -Tamarins do vertical clinging and leaping -INSECTIVORY (Tamarins eat fruit & marmosets eat gum too) |
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New World Monkey Anatomical Traits
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PLATYRRHINES (platyrrhini)
-found in central and south Africa -FUSED mandible -FULLY ENCLOSED ORBITS -ECTOTYMPANIC ring -2:1:3:3 Dental Formula -DIURNAL (except owl monkey) -ALL HAVE TAILS!!! TAILS! |
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Platyrrhine Traits
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-Long backs, EQUALLY LONG LIMBS
-Arboreal -Social, Diurnal (mostly) -Smaller ones=gum and insects (callitrichidae) -Lareger ones=fruit and leaves -3 Premolars 3!3!3! |
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Cebids & Atelids Traits
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CEBOIDA family
-Atelids(PREHENSILE TAIL!!!!)=howlers, spider monkeys, inuriquis -Cebidae=squirrel monkeys, capuchins, owl monkeys BOTH HAVE: -can be monogamous -multimale/multifemale groups -quadrupedal -frugivory, folivory, with some insects |
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NWM Dental Formula
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2:1:3:3
EXCEPT CALLITRICHIDS 2:1:3:2 |
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Ectotympanic Ring
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Bony ring attached to the ear chamber
Found in STREPSIRHINES & NWM |
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Prehensile Tail
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Tail with the ability to grasp
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Cebidae
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CEBOIDEA family
Cebines-Capuchin Callitrichines-Lion Tamarin Aotines-Owl Monkey |
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Atelidae
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CEBOIDEA family
Pithecines-"Naked Head" Callecibines-Titi Monkeys Atelines-Spider Monkeys |
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Callitrichidae
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CEBOIDEA family
Marmosets and Tamarins GIVE BIRTH TO TWINS!!! TWINS!! |
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Tamarins
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Part of CALLITRICHIDAE family
BIRTH TO TWINS! |
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OWM Dental Formula
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2:1:2:3
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Cercopithecine Traits
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subfamily of CERCOPITHECOIDEA
-lower, more rounded bilophodont (ridged) molars -CHEEK POUCHES -multimale/multifemale (rare monogamy) -Semi-brachiators/quadrupedal -ENCLOSED ORBITS -FUSED mandible -Diurnal -eats anything except gum |
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Colobine Traits
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subfamily of CERCOPITHECOIDEA
-FOLIVOROUS-bilophodont molars Complex stomach for digesting leafy foods -POLYGYNOUS groups -Diurnal -some multimale/multifemale groups, few monogamous -Semi-brachiators/quadrupedal -ENCLOSED orbits -FUSED mandible -Middle sized jaw (bigger than apes, smaller than strepsirhines |
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Sectorial Premolar
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A CUTTING premolar
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Bilophodont Molars
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Parallel molars- two transverse edges
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External Auditory Meatus
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Bony tube formed from the middle ear cavity to the edge of the underside of the cranium
found in: TARSIERS, APES, & OWM |
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Insectivory
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SHORT GUT, SHARP TEETH
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Gumivory
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STRONG INCISORS, LARGE CAECUM (part of large intestine)
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Folivory
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Foregut or hindgut enlargement, SHEARING MOLARS
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Frugivory
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ROUNDED MOLARS, LONG INTESTINE
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Prognathic
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Protruding lower jaw/chin
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ORIGINAL Survival of the Fittest
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SPENCER SPENCER SPENCER coined the term (Darwin=Natural Selection)
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Transcription
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-Coding a genetic message for proteins by mRNA
-Portion of DNA unwinds and serves as a TEMPLATE for the formulation of an mRNA strand |
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Translation
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-mRNA goes from the nuclear membrane to the ribosome
-tRNA comes to the ribosomes with amino acids attached -tRNA matches up with mRNA -As tRNA lines up, proteins are formed |
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Codon
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Set of 3 amino acids that is on mRNA... 3 ACIDS! 3!3!
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Savannah Baboon
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FEMALES REMAIN in troop for life, MALES LEAVE at puberty and seek out a new troop where they form small coalitions to compete for dominance
Fighters have threat yawns, carnivores, subordinate male of female may present itself to dominant male |
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Cercopithecus Monkeys
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-African, colorful
-Arboreal -FRUGIVORE AND FOLIVORE -small multifemale groups |
