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130 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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4 fields of Anthropology |
Cultural, Linguistic, Biological, Archaelogy |
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Archaeology is the study of ______ as well as a way of finding out about _______ human developement |
Material culture (stuff and space) Long term |
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Why not full of fossils |
1. Not everything preserves 2. Not everything gets found |
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Examples of a place that has great geologic condition |
Great Rift Valley in Africa |
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Why can fossil be found in surface |
Weathering |
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The earliest human ancestors are __________ first discerned in the fossil record about _______ years ago
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Australopithecines, 4.2 million |
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Early human ancestors have cranial capacity about ______ - _______ cubic centimeters |
375 - 550 |
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Advantage of bipedalism |
1. Eye forward 2. Taller 3. use of hands 4. heat management 5. efficient locomotion |
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Disadvantage of bipedalism |
1. Makes birth difficult |
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"Members of species are not identical but vary in size, strength, health, fertility, behavior, and many other characteristics." - ____________ |
Alfred Russel Wallace |
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Pleistocene geologic era is from ________ ya to _________ ya |
2.5 million years ago to 12,000 years ago |
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During Pleistocene, a diversity of Australopithecines form: homo _______, homo _________, homo ____________, and homo ___________ Natural environment not___ massive change in ____ |
homo erectus, homo heidelbergensis, homo neanderthalensis, and homo sapiens static climate |
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________________ established the convention of the naming system in 1735 in his book, ________________ |
Carolus Linnaeus, Systems of Nature |
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________: categorize by size, shape, and eating habit. ________: can interbreed and produce fertile offsprings |
Genus, Species |
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"Species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding populations, which are reproductively isolated from other such groups" - _____________, ______________ |
Ernst Mayr, Systematics |
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Two types of dating |
Relative (Younger and older) and physical (Specific dates) |
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7 types of physical dating techniques |
1. Potassium-Argon 2. Argon Argon 3. Radio Carbon 4. Dendrochronology 5. Uranium series 6. Electronic spin resonance 7. Luminescence |
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Potassium Argon - measure rate of change from ___ to ___ - get samples from __________ deposit - good for context _______ years old to more than ________ years |
K to Ar Volcanic, (not the actual fossil) 100,000 ya to 4 billion years |
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Argon Argon - Ar __ isotop to Ar ___ - ______ deposit but good for ________ - Good for context _____ to more than _______ years |
40 to 39 volcanic deposit, single crystals of volcanic rock 20,000 ya to 4 billion years |
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RadioCarbon - Process measures slow release of ______ from anything that was ______ - can direct date _____ and _____ - good for context ______ to ________, not clear for recent things - can date as small as a single seed (________) |
C14, alive bones, woods 500 ya, 50,000 ya AMS |
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Dendrochronology - physical examination of ______ layer - only for ______ - date as old as the oldest preserved trees (__________ ya) |
Wood Trees 40,000 ya |
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Uranium - series - rate of decay of _________ - used on ________ and _______ - good for time periods from the __________ to about ____________ ya |
uranium stalactites and corals present to 500,000 ya |
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Electronic spin resonance - amount of decay in the _______ taken in by an individual over the lifetime - for _________ - good for time periods from _________ to _________ |
uranium teeth 10,000 to a million ya |
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Luminescence - last time the item was __________ (thermoluminescence) or exposed to ________ (optically-stimulated luminescence) - Applies to ________ and ________ tools - good for time periods from ________ to __________ |
heated, light quartz grain, heated present to 500,000 ya |
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Homo erectus carried out a major migration from African starting around _________ mya
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1.7 |
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Where do we find human ancestors 2 million years ago? |
Africa |
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Where do we find human ancestors 1 million years ago? |
Africa, Asia, Indonesia, Java |
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Social characteristics of Homo 1. _______ 2. ________ use of locations 3. _______-user |
1. Fire 2. Repeated 3. Tool |
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Physical characteristics of Homo 1. first identified specimens around ______ mya 2. big brain relative to _______________ 3. found in _______ and _______ 4. they are mostly ____________ (way of living) 5. less/more sexual dimorphism 6. face is more __________ (less ________) 7. development of a more ____________ nose |
1. 2 2. australopithecines 3. africa and asia 4. hunter, gatherer 5. less 6. pulled in, prognathic 7. pronounced external |
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There are ______ major cold periods |
15 |
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Out of Africa 2 refers to the same migrating pattern as Out of Africa 1, but it's for homo ______________ starting __________ ya |
sapiens, 150,000 |
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3 Components for the roles of language |
1. Physical 2. Cognitive 3. Social |
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Examples of physical components of language |
teeth, tongue, lips, jaw, larynx, breathing, apparatus, brain |
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Cognitive means to learn from ______________ so one can ____________ and talk efficiently |
Experience, predict |
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Cooperation is seen in hunting, happened about ______________ ya. Brain size reached modern level by __________ ya An accelerated cultural phase starting _________ ya in __________, fully evident by ____________ globally |
400,000 200,000 100,000, South Africa, 50,000 |
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Behavioral Modernity |
A profound and fundamental change in both behavior and human potentials |
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Behavioral modernity evident by __________ ya 1. __________ stone blades 2. tools made of ______, ______, _______, _______ 3. hunting ________ animals (not just practical but also social) 4. bigger range of ______, included _______, _______, and more types of _______ 5. purposeful and formal _______ 6. development of _______ |
50,000 reusable bone, antler, ivory like hooks prime diet, rodents, shellfish, plants burial art |
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When is art developed? |
Stringer says 100,000 ya, 50,000 solid |
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Arts come in 4 forms, |
Ornaments, figurines, decorated tools, rock art |
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Stinger uses "behavioral modernity". others refers to this period "___________" in Africa, "_________" in Europe |
Middle Stone Age, Upper Paleolithic |
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Bandwidth |
Stiner's article emphasized the role of portable ornaments as a form of materialized communication |
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First found of Neanderthals was in _____ in _________ |
1856, Germany 1859 - Darwin 1858 - Alford |
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Difference between H. sapiens and H. neanderthals |
occipital buns: mass in the back of the head (neanderthals) brow ridge: (neanderthals) prognathism: pull-out face (neanderthals) more heavyset wider pelvis stockier |
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No neanderthals in _____, only _____ and ______ |
Asia, Europe and eastern Mediterranien |
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subspecies |
"In general, seem to be distinct forms within a species, with the intraspecific distinctions based on geographical separation and/or interpopulational morphological, genetic, ecological, or behavioral differences" |
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Neanderthals are __________ - ___________ ya |
500,000 - 30,000 ya |
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3 kinds of DNA |
autosomal DNA (functional and junk) mitochondrial DNA (from mom) Y-chromosome (from dad) |
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DNA can be traced to a single ancestor around ______________ ya |
150,000 |
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Migration of modern Homo starting around _______________ ya because 1. _______________ 2. _______________ |
150,000 1. climate change 2. new opportunity |
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Wallace Line |
80-90 km water between indonesia and australia different plants and animal on either side of line |
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Study of DNA can be direct (_____________) and indirect (_______________) |
ancient items, organs backwards from living populations |
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Key concept 1 in The Prehistory of Ordinary People |
Food, Good, Work |
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Key concept 2 in Prehistory of Ordinary People |
The individual |
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Key concept 3 in Prehistory of Ordinary People |
Multitasking |
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Key concept 4 in Prehistory of Ordinary People |
Cultural adaptation creativity: change habituation: stasis |
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The geologic era after Pleistocene |
Holocene |
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Holocene starts _________ ya, it is also known as __________________. Human ____ at least as important as ____. Identified by ____ and ____ Climate is ____ |
12,000 Anthropocene impact, natural processes Braje, Erlandson warm and stable |
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5 ways to study food |
1. analysis of climate opportunities 2. botanical analysis of plant remains 3. faunal analysis of bones 4. analysis human skeleton 5. pottery containers fo residue 6. rock art 7. rarely, text and historical analysis |
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"A biological process that involves changes in the physical characteristics of plants and animals as they become dependent on humans for reproductive success" |
Domestication |
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3 reasons of domestication |
1. population growth 2. climate opportunity 3. parties |
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After the adoption of agriculture, male-female demographics change in 3 ways |
1) female (mortality, # of children, maternal risk) 2) food for people with difficulty chewing 3) injury and death from foraging/hunting and conflict decrease |
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5 complexities of food production |
1) Sedentism - trash/disease vectors 2) Specialization 3) Storage 4) Access 5) Sex-based differences - activities |
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This place has central circular structure that was abandoned in a spectacular way with headless human skeleton |
Site of Jerf el Ahmar, 9600-8800 BC |
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first piece of monumental architecture with concentrated community ritual and buried beautiful craft |
Gobekli Tepe, 9000 BC |
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Define "Cities" |
Places of concentrated population |
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Define "States" |
territories that are held together by political authorities |
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Define "Empires" |
large political groups that extend over large areas of continents |
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Holocene is a time period. _____________ is a way of life that refers to a time of plant and animal domestication |
Neolithic |
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BC stands for ______________; AD means _________________; |
Before Christ; Anno Domini |
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BP stands for ________________. It technically means before the year _________ because that is when _________________ was developed |
Before Present 1950 radiocarbon dating |
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Egyptian agriculture starts around _________ BC |
5500 |
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____________ means "simple tomb" |
Mastaba |
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example of Mastaba site, _____________. There are a lot of pottery. Industrial strength brewing |
Hierakonpolis, 3200 BC |
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what are the towns up and down Nile good for? year: |
1. Redistribution 2. Defense 3. Ritual 4. good for political leaders 3200BC |
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The unification of the towns along Nile happened around ________ BC, by ________ |
3100, Narmer |
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Examples of caves with extensive rock art include cave __________ and _________ in France, _______________ in Spain |
Chauvet, Lascaux Alta Mira |
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In this site, _____________ in Europe, there are evidence for morphologies ancestral to both Homo sapiens and Neanderthals |
Boxgroves |
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In this site, _______________, in Spain, there are bones found dated ______________ ya. There are a lot of beat up stuff. Evidence for morphologies to but |
Sima de los Huesos, 400,000 ya |
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Behavior of Homo Neanderthals 1. _________ and __________ in Spain 2. _________ tools (Mousterian) 3. Maybe some __________ 4. Purposeful __________ 5. Diet: ____________ in Spain 6. Physical injuries consistent with _____________ or interpersonal ______________ 7. ____________ in childhood |
1. Pendants, cosmetics 2. flaked 3. music 4. burial 5. cannibalism 6. risk, violence 7. dietary stress |
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Until recently, Neanderthals and H. sapiens were considered the only recent bipedal examples of human ancestors ... But a brief detour to the Hobbit problem ( H. _____________ ), found in __________________ about ___________ to ____________ ya |
floresiensis
easter tip of indonesia 95,000, 18,000 |
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AMS datin |
Accelerator mass spectrometry |
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Leadership as a collaborative process to manages risks of: ___________, ___________, ___________ through mechanisms of ___________,____________, and ______________. |
violence, famine, uncertainty taxation, control, ritual investment |
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Warmer and drier environment of the Holocene starting 12,000 ya prompted gradual shift from hunting and gathering to a strategy of concentrated resources. Examples like __________ in Near East, the area where _____, ______, ______, _______ were domesticated |
Natufians wheat, barley, cattle, sheep, goats |
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"In general, subspecies seem to be regarded as distinct forms within a species, with the intraspecific distinctions based on ___________ separation and/or interpopulational ___________, __________, _____________, or _____________ differences." - _____________ |
geological, morphological, behavioral, genetic, ecological C.B. Stanford |
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__________ and her colleagues focused on the study of mtDNA and found that it appears to mutate 5-10 fasterthan “regular” DNA and provides akind of “_______________” for change |
Rebecca Cann Molecular clock |
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_______________ and ____________ have studied Y chromosome |
Jennifer Hughes and David Page |
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Humans moved to America by perhaps _______________ ya and north america megafauna started to disappear _______________ ya |
18,000 10,000 |
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Why study food? |
1. Our species only moved from food-collection to food-production about 10-12,000 years ago. Prior to that, our specieswas like any other type of mammal,collecting food from the landscape as it wasfound without any modification. Butpopulations grew and favorable areasdiminished, meaning that there were twochoices: fight over everything, or stay putand grow food. 2. The cultivation of staple foods likegrains is regarded as the essentialunderpinning to the development ofcities, states and empires. Thesecomplex political and socialdevelopments only started about6,000 years ago. |
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Why social complexities happened? |
1. Agricultural surplus and craft specialization, enables complexities 2. The Hydraulic Hypothesis, forces complexities 3. Trade imperative, forces complexities 4. Warfare, conflict is inevitable and has to be managed |
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Archaeological methods |
Survey, Excavation, Analysis, Conservation, Publication |
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Fossilization is a process of _____ into a ____ |
organic material, rock preserved when replaced on molecule by molecule basis |
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Evolutionary relationships are defined by ______ and _______ |
competition and survival of the fittest a. species compete with each other and themselves b. competitive characteristics passed on to offspring c. extinction |
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Classification is a process of organizing data about ___ on the basis of ____ with inferences about _____ |
species, morphology, reproductive viability |
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dating techniques directly on specimen |
radiocarbon, electron spin resonance, dendrochronology, luminescene |
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contextual dating techniques |
K-Ar, Ar-Ar, uranium |
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Homo ____ carried out major migration from Africa starting _____ Asia: ___ China: ____ Europe_____ |
erectus, 1.7 million ya Dmansi Java Zhoukoudian Boxgrove |
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2 distinct characteristics of all homo |
big brain = biologically expensive less sexual dimorphism |
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rock art locations |
cave of Chauvet, France cave of Lascaux, France Alta Mira in Spain |
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Stiner article: Location emphasized the role of _____ as from of ____, what she calls ________ |
Site of Grotta Breuil, Italy portable ornaments, materialized communications, bandwidth a. conformity |
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Evidence of morphologies ancestral to both Sapiens and Neanderthals |
Boxgrove- England: lots of tools, few Humans (500000ya) Sima de los Huesos - lots of remains (400000 ya) |
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Evidence for Neanderthal cultural adaptations is increasing |
modest amounts of art, burials, music, communication |
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Differences of Neanderthal culture |
communication, risk-taking |
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Why might we call them Homo sapiens neanderthalensis? Homo neanderthalensis? |
Make implications about relation to Homo sapiens- not significant enough to result in infertile offspring |
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When did humans arrive in Australia? What disappeared? |
150,000ya, megafauna |
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Australia technological adaptations |
fishing net, fire |
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local adaptations in Australia |
new animals, small tools, long-distance trade |
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Australian sites |
Wilandra Lakes, Lake Mungo |
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Migrations to: Tasmania: North and South America: Hawaii and Easter Island New Zealand |
35000ya 18000ya 900AD 1200AD |
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The study of DNA can be ___ (from an ancient item, as long as it has some organic material remaining) or _____ (traced backwards from living populations) |
direct, indirect |
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DNA can help us address 2 big questions |
migration of Homo from Africa into Asia relationship of modern Homo sapiens to the Neanderthals |
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why do archaeologists think about food |
1) population growth -- fight or grow 2) cultivation of staple foods is the essential underpinning to cities, states, empires |
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How to identify individual autonomous cognitive capacity in the archaeological past? |
Health, Identity, Kinship, Time, Space, Gender, Language, Technology, Memory, Ritual, Value |
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Culture is activated at the ______ level, in which many aspects of ____ (from ____ to ____ to ____) are perceived entirely within the ___________ |
individual, life, health, language, identity, autonomous human body |
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We can look at everyday ____ actions of people interacting with __,__, __ to analyze and understand large-scale _______ |
multitasking, foods, goods, work, social changes |
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What gets domesticated? |
starches (corn, wheat, barley, rice) docile meat |
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Why grains? Why animals |
adapted for starch consumption work, other resources (milk, wool) |
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Good aspects of food production |
control over food supply potential for surplus |
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Bad aspects of food production |
worse diet due to dependence on carbs increase rate of cavities repetitive motion injuries |
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Simple societies |
1) groups such as villages where you know everyone face to face 2) now where next meal is coming from 3) leaders occasionally organize ppl to do something spectacular |
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complex societies |
1) don't know everyone face to face so have other mechanisms of recognizing ppl that is o to have interaction with (beads) 2) Don't now where next meal coming from, but assurance it will be there 3) leaders organize ppl to do ordinary and spectacular tasks |
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How social complexity happens |
Intensification of agriculture, concentration of wealth, population increase, welfare, trade |
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why social complexity happens |
1) agricultural surplus and craft specialization 2) hydraulic hypothesis 3) Trade imperative 4) warfare |
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How did humans affect envrionment |
1) fire 2) hunting prime animals 3) intensive rice farming 4) industrial processes- 20,000ya 5) fossil fuels 1700 |
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There is a long philosophical and political lineage of attention to human-environmental dynamics |
Thoreau 1854, Carson 1962, Earth Day 1970 |
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di Lernia article |
Ppl can survive on just animal domestication cattle cult- social response to cope with droughts and famine 6400 BP transitions to human burials 5000 BP |
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How is animal domestication different from plant? |
1) Herd animals more valuable, symbolize power and status 2) flexible, can migrate |
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pastoralism |
way of life in which ppl herd animals |
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In north Africa during Holocene, _____ and ____ were 2 ways of crating social stability; this later shifted to emphasis on _____ |
cattle cult, migration humans in burial |
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V Gordon Childe's list of 10 criteria for a city |
1) Large number of people in a small area 2) Some people aren't farmers but are specialized crafts-makers 3) Control of an economic surplus by central authority 4) Monumental public architecture 5)Developed social stratification 6) Writing or other recording systems 7) Mathematics and other sciences 8) Art 9) Foreign trade 10) Group membership based on residence rather than kinship Build social relationships |
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Ur article |
Bronze Age cities 3000-1500BC Tel Hamoukar, Syria Uruk, Iraq Assur, Iraq Eridu - early temple Ziggurat - ur |
