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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Anthropology is the study of human ____, human ____, and human ____ Humans are treated as ____ and ____ beings Anthropology began as a discipline studying ____ |
- Nature, society, history - Social and biological - Small scale distant society |
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What are the 3 elements of culture? What is culture? What is Enculturation? |
- Learned - Shared - Symbolic - Set of learned behaviours and ideas acquired as members of society - The process through which a child learns his or her culture |
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- Cultural differences is the foundation for ____ - Define Ethnocentrism |
- Ethnocentrism - Ethnocentrism is the way of looking at another culture through the lens of ones own culture |
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- The believe that ones own culture is superior to others is ______ - _________ is the only way to potentially reduce and overcome ethnocentrism |
- Ethnocentrism - Cultural learning |
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Define: - Emic perspective - Etic perspective |
- Emic: Insider's view - when you use the cultures own terms to analyze the culture - Etic: outsider's view - when you use the terms of your own culture to analyze another |
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_____ is the adapted idea of natural selection to human societies Why did social Darwinism become popular within power circles? |
Social Darwinism -Because the poor were considered weak and unfit - It reinforced their superiority |
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What ideology did Edward Taylor's ideas about culture and culturaldifferences help confront in the 19th century?
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Biological racism |
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Culture was created by universally similar ____ and governed by the same basic laws of ____ |
- Human minds, cognition |
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If biology does not explain cultural differences, then whatdoes?
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Societies belonging to different stages or development of evolution |
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- Victoria England was seen as the pinnacle of _____ - Social evolution came as an explanation for ____ - ____ explains how societies evolved from simpler forms to more complex ones |
- Civilization - Cultural diversity - Social evolution |
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The presence of ______ is a fact explaining the "uniformities" of cultures |
Developmental stages |
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Taylor viewed religion as a ______ from the past Morgan overlapped with Taylor, however the only difference was? Morgan argued against the theory of _____ |
- Cultural survival - Morgan thought bio racism doesn't exist. Humans were from the same source - Human degradation |
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- What evolutionary typology of human culture and society did Morgan create? - What does the passing through of those stages explain? |
- The stages all societies would go through on their way to civilization, ranging from Savagery > Barbarism > Civilization - Cultural diversity |
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Based on Cannibal Tours, which of Taylor’s contributions have had the most lasting effecton popular imagination? Evolutionism set the ______ as the standard in which other cultures are measured |
- The idea of social/ cultural development from primitive stages of development to a more advanced one - European culture |
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After Williams examined the people of Torres strait, what was his hypothesis? |
- Differences in colour perception ran in families |
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Define: - Genealogical methods - Monogamy - Polygamy - Polygyny - Polyandry |
- The way of inquiring about how people are related (pedigree + genealogy) - Monogamy: One spouse at a time - Polygamy: More than one spouse allowed at a time - Polygyny: A man with more than one wife at a time - Polyandry: A woman with more than one husband at a time |
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Todas, a small country with in southern India, there is no word for ____. As it isn't considered wrong |
Adultery |
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Define Fraternal polyandry. And what was the reason for this? |
- A woman marries a set of her siblings - They didnt want to overwhelm their agricultural resources |
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What was Durheim's goal of analysis? |
His goal was to identify how stateless society were able to hold together, and how they work |
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_______ is one of the social/cultural institutions that helps in glueing societies together The _____ is the realm of human, routine experience The _____ is the realm of spiritual beings |
- Religion - Profane - Sacred |
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Evolutionist thought religion ranked from ____ to ____ What is animism? Define Secularism |
- Animism to christianity - Animism: A form of religion were a human would have direct access to the sacred. - Religious and political decisions are separated |
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According to Durheim ______ and _____ holds societies together Why is religion necessary in simple society? |
- Kinship and religion - Because of solidarity and division of labour |
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What are the 2 types of solidarity? |
Mechanical: everyone does the same thing Organic: Division of labour |
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When was Bronislaw Malinowski's Expenditure to the Trobriand islands? What is Kula ring? The trobriand society was an example of mechanical or organic solidarity at the time of Malinowski? |
- 1914 - Trading network ( of bracelets and necklaces) - Mechanical |
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What is ethnography? _____ is an extended period of close involvement of which and anthropologist is interested in studying? |
- Writing about other peoples culture - Ethnographic fieldwork |
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Defines functionalism |
See's society as an body, with organs all playing a vital role in sustaining it |
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Malinowski and Evans-Pritchard insisted that anthropologists should aim at developing a firm understanding of the _____ of the social institutions they study |
Function |
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What is positivity? |
Human lives operate on subjective laws |
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___ attacked bio racism |
- Franz Boas |
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How can one obtain historical information, in the absent of archeological data or written sources? |
- Historical Method: Attempting to retrieve vanished past of living societies by collecting oral narratives - Indirect method: language and mythology of people |
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Define cultural relativism? |
People's culture are to be understood in terms of the culture they are part of E.g. emic perspective |
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- What was Janice Boddy's findings on pharaonic circumcision in Sudan? - The UN action to stop this practice had what effect on the women? |
- They believed that virginity wasn't biological, it was to be created - Pharaonic circumcision was a symbolic art - It was practice even more than before, and it did more harm than good to the women. |
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The anthropological perspective of cultural relativism requires us to make an effort to _______ the practices of other cultures |
- Understand |
