Anthro 1 Midterm 2

Front 1

What is a primate?

Back 1

any placental mammal of the order Primates; has good eyesight and flexible hands and feet. has at least 1 nail.
most live in trees.

Front 2

What are the characteristics of living and fossil primates?

Back 2

Well-developed hallux (big toe) with flat nail. long heel bone.. Relatively large eye orbits with reduced distance between orbits. Maximum 2.1.3.3 dental formula; insisors are moving to the front and jaw is shortened.Relatively large brain case.

Front 3

what is the difference between Strepsirhines and Haplorhines

Back 3

Strepsirhines have wet snouts. Haplorhines are tarsiers, monkeys, apes and humans. (nose)

Front 4

what is the difference between Platyrrhines and Catarrhines

Back 4

Platyrrhines (flat nose) New World Monkeys . grasping tail, 2.1.3.3 Catarrhines (Down-Nose) Old World MonkeysApes 2.1.2.3

Front 5

what is differences between prosimians and "higher" primates.

Back 5

prosimians are Modern nocturnal primates that are small. have snouts.
higher primates are larger and sleep at night. noses.

Front 6

Why are Tarsiers no longer classified as prosimians?

Back 6

because they are more similar to anthropoids (Monkeys, apes, and humans)

Front 7

what is the difference between New World Monkeys and Old World Monkeys

Back 7

new world monkeys have flat noses. grasping tail 2.1.3.3 dental formula. old world monkeys have down ward noses. no grasping tail and 2.1.2.3.

Front 8

How do apes differ from monkeys?

Back 8

Apes differ from monkeys in several ways. Apes have no tail and generally have a larger body weight than most other primates. They have a more upright body posture and a broad chest. Apes rely more on vision than on smell and have a short broad nose rather than a snout. Apes have a larger brain relative to the body size than other primates do. apes can rotate shoulders completely.

Front 9

what is the significance of the following site (including important primate or hominid species found there): Afar Region/Hadar;

Back 9

Afar is a region of Hadar in ethyopia, "Ardi" and "lucy" was found there.

Front 10

what is the significance of the following site (including important primate or hominid species found there): Fayum

Back 10

Numerous fossil remains of early Anthropoids((Monkeys, apes, and humans) in Egypt near cairo first evidance of sexual difference female vs male size.

Front 11

what is the significance of the following site (including important primate or hominid species found there): Koobi Fora

Back 11

site in east africa (kenya) found a lot of genus Homo (hominids)

Front 12

what is the significance of the following site (including important primate or hominid species found there): Laetoli

Back 12

East Africa – “Australopithecus afarensis” many fossils very well studied, earliest documented “biped” - walk on 2 feet.
http://www.crystalinks.com/lucypaleon2.jpg

Front 13

what is the significance of the following site (including important primate or hominid species found there): , Lake Turkana

Back 13

east africa kenya lots hominids and homo genus.

Front 14

what is the significance of the following site (including important primate or hominid species found there): Olduvai Gorge

Back 14

East Aftrica, found Early Homo, bigger brained ; possible ancestor of later Homo 1.4 – 1.8 mya

Front 15

what is the significance of the following site (including important primate or hominid species found there): Omo

Back 15

first stone tools. 2.5mya just north of lake turkana,

Front 16

what is the significance of the following site (including important primate or hominid species found there): Zhoukoudian

Back 16

line that marks seperation of tool types. asia we have basic chopping tools. europe and africa we have hand axes.
(china) Found at this location are by far the largest collection of H. erectus material found any where.

Front 17

what is the significance of the following site (including important primate or hominid species found there): Swartkrans

Back 17

Swartkrans is where several fossils of the Paranthropus robustus (South African forms of the robust australopithecines) were found.

Front 18

What are Olduwan tools? Who made them?

Back 18

Homo habilis made the first stone tools. Olduwan Tools are stone tools

Front 19

What are Acheulean tools? Who made them?

Back 19

Homo Erectus . beginning and middle Pleistocene era made large stone tools that are flaked on both sides. (hand axes)

Front 20

What are the different various types of primate locomotion.

Back 20

Quadrupedalism (moving on all fours/with all four limbs), Bipedalism (standing, walking, and running), Brachiation (swinging, branch running), and Vertical clinging and leaping.

Front 21

what is the significance of the following individuals: Donald Johanson

Back 21

Donald Johanson found the "lucy" skeleton (40% of skeleton was found, largest ever) 100k years ago or more.

Front 22

what is the significance of the following individuals: Raymond Dart

Back 22

found and interpreted Taung Child

Front 23

Who was "Lucy"? Who discovered her? Where?

Back 23

"lucy" skeleton (40% of skeleton was found, largest ever) 100k years ago or more. Donald Johanson found her in "hadar site" in Ethiopia.

Front 24

Aegyptopithecus

Back 24

– found in Fayum Most complete and evolutionarily significant 30 – 34 mya About the size of a modern Howler Monkey (13-18 pounds)

first evidance of female and male size differences.

Front 25

Apidium

Back 25

found in Fayum Squirrel-sized primate. arboreal quadruped adept at leaping and springing. 30-34 mya

Front 26

Ardipithecus

Back 26

5.2-5.8 mya found in middle Awash. bipedal. But retains primitive features.

Front 27

Australopithecus afarensis

Back 27

Afar region of Hadar, Ethiopia “lucy” 3 -3.5 mya

Front 28

Australopithecus africanus

Back 28

found only in south Africa, 3-2.3 mya Both gracile & robust australopithecines weighed about 50 kg

Front 29

Dryopithecus

Back 29

Medium-sized monkey to large chimp, 11-13 mya Arboreal Quadruped w/ possibly some brachiation

Front 30

Gigantopithecus

Back 30

475,000-1.5 mya found in Asia 10 feet tall; 1200 pounds

Front 31

Homo erectus

Back 31

Asia, 1.5 mya – 400,000 bp
Ancestors of humans

Front 32

Homo ergaster

Back 32

(or non-Asian Homo erectus, if you prefer to lump H. ergaster in with H. erectus) made Acheulean tools (those are those hand-axes I showed in class). No Acheulean tools have been found east of the Movius line

Front 33

Homo habilis

Back 33

first stone tools 2.9 – 1.0 mya site of “omo”

Front 34

Homo rudolfensis

Back 34

ER 1470 thought to be a large homo habilis but is now its own species.

Front 35

Morotopithecus

Back 35

first monkey! oldest Miocene hominoid to date 20 mya from Uganda (east Africa) 4-5 feet tall highly arboreal species that probably relied on forelimb-dominated climbing. also walks on all 4

Front 36

Paranthropus robustus

Back 36

south african form same as boisei but from south africa

Front 37

Paranthropus boisei

Back 37

2.6 – 1.2 mya boisei came from East africa
Paranthropus robustus came from south africa.

Front 38

Plesiadapis

Back 38

58-63mya found near yucatana
– about the size of a squirrel to house cat
• still has claws.

Front 39

Proconsul

Back 39

Arboreal quadruped
East African Form (23-14 mya)
believed to be immediate predessasor to hominids.

Front 40

Ramapithecus

Back 40

thought to be a seperate species, and now is rolled to be a sivapithecus. there isn't ramapithecus.

Front 41

Sahelanthropus tchadensis

Back 41

Discovered in Chad
– Dated to ~7 mya
bipedal

Front 42

Sivapithecus

Back 42

Nearly parallel tooth rows
13-5 mya

Front 43

Taung Child

Back 43

3 → 4 years at time of death
Challenged dominant belief that the major functional adaptation for the human family was increase in brain-size
evidance that we were upright before we were big brained.

Front 44

WT-17000

Back 44

from east africa robust astrolophetecus.

Front 45

Know the following time periods and the major primates associated with them: Paleocene

Back 45

65-55mya Plesiadapis , not fully formed primates, still have claws.

Front 46

Know the following time periods and the major primates associated with them:
Eocene

Back 46

Eocene - 55-34 mya Prosimians , after this era no more claws. all nails.

Front 47

Know the following time periods and the major primates associated with them: Oligocene

Back 47

Oligocene 34-24 mya Anthropoidea (monkeys) Aegyptopithecus (found in fayum)

Front 48

Know the following time periods and the major primates associated with them:
Miocene

Back 48

24-5 mya Apes - Gibbons/siamanes (lesser apes) orangutans - goilla - chimp - humans.

Front 49

Know the following time periods and the major primates associated with them:
Pliocene

Back 49

5-1.8 mya hominids (bipedal) arthopethecus (all human categories up to human erectus)

Front 50

Know the following time periods and the major primates associated with them:
Pleistocene

Back 50

1.8 mya -10,000 homo erectus and neanderthals.

Front 51

Know the basics of the following dating techniques (materials that can be dated, time ranges):
Chronometric Dating

Back 51

artifacts and any materials, can give any date. Chronometric techniques include radiometric dating and radio-carbon dating, which both determine the age of materials through the decay of their radioactive elements

Front 52

Know the basics of the following dating techniques (materials that can be dated, time ranges):
Dendrochronology

Back 52

time range - 6000 years.
By examining and comparing tree rings, specialists called dendrochronologists can learn not only about the tree but about weather and environmental conditions of the past.

Front 53

Know the basics of the following dating techniques (materials that can be dated, time ranges):
Potassium-Argon Dating

Back 53

testing how old "rocks" are
Potassium-argon dating is a form of radioactive dating that is used to measure the age of an object in geochronology and archeology through the decay of potassium into argon, which are abundant elements found everywhere in the natural world.

Front 54

Know the basics of the following dating techniques (materials that can be dated, time ranges):
Radiocarbon Dating

Back 54

up to 60,000
establish a close estimate of the date of an old, carbon-based object. Using the properties of a radioactive isotope of carbon,

Front 55

Know the basics of the following dating techniques (materials that can be dated, time ranges):
Relative Dating

Back 55

relative dating means that archaeologists date the objects they find on their digs in relation to other objects like pottery and weapons also found at the site.
also for rocks and sediments.

Front 56

Know the basics of the following dating techniques (materials that can be dated, time ranges):
Stratigraphy

Back 56

used to determine the relative age of rock layers.
Stratigraphy is based on the principle that rocks are built in layers. The oldest rocks are on the bottom and the newest on the top. Stratigraphy is used to develop geological time lines that are the basis for eras or periods, such as the Jurassic.

Front 57

Know the basics of the following dating techniques (materials that can be dated, time ranges):
Thermoluminescence

Back 57

200,000 years
anything crystalline and burnt, any thing buried and dead.

heat up material to get a glow. and then measure the radiation

Front 58

Know the importance of the following to our understanding of primate evolution:
Arboreal Adaptation Hypothesis

Back 58

living in trees, adapted to life in the trees. grasping hands, binocular vission.

Front 59

Know the importance of the following to our understanding of primate evolution:
Budding-Off Model

Back 59

Population reaches a level that threatens adequate distribution of resources (very successful species).

Some groups compelled to move to new territory in search of resources.

After savannah ”filled” (carrying capacity), groups move to more marginal areas.

Necessary to adapt to new environments
Animal furs/skins for insulation
Fire (light, protection, cooking/predigestion)

Front 60

Know the importance of the following to our understanding of primate evolution:
Dental Arcade & Formula

Back 60

humans. 2.1.2.3/2.1.2.3
meaning left side of mouth (upper or lower) has 2 incisors 1 canine 2 premolars and 3 molars.
monkeys have 2.1.3.3/2.1.3.3 or one more premolar on each side.

arcade means shape of jaw.

Front 61

Know the importance of the following to our understanding of primate evolution:
DNA Hybridization

Back 61

The assumption is that DNA changes at an essentially uniform rate
heating of dna to seperate and study it better. (see if you can link it up to other species dna)
look at drawing

Front 62

Know the importance of the following to our understanding of primate evolution:
Foramen magnum

Back 62

hole at bottom of skull where spine attaches.

Front 63

Know the importance of the following to our understanding of primate evolution:
Gracile; Robust

Back 63

robust refers to bigger skulls due to large chewing muscles. gracile means lightly build (smaller) skull structure.

Front 64

Know the importance of the following to our understanding of primate evolution:
Hominid Functional Complex

Back 64

bipedal locomotion. dental morphology. brain size.

Front 65

Know the importance of the following to our understanding of primate evolution
Jolly's Seed-eating Hypothesis

Back 65

jolly is a person that argues that canines get smaller to grind seeds. (bigger mollers and smaller cannines to chew tough materials. )