Animal Physiology Final

Front 1

Receptive fields

Back 1

Area which stimulation leads to response

Front 2

Retinal ganglion cells

Back 2

Cells have receptive fields with a center and antagonistic surrounds (output, firing action potentials)

Front 3

Geniculostriate system

Back 3

Major visual projection for mammals

Front 4

Cribiform plate

Back 4

Separate nose and brain

Front 5

Olfactory is in

Back 5

The cranial nerve

Front 6

Collection of neurons at an integration site

Back 6

Centralization

Front 7

Collection of nervous structure and function at the head

Back 7

Cephalization

Front 8

Central nervous system consists of

Back 8

The brain and spinal cord

Front 9

Peripheral nervous system is

Back 9

The sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the body

Front 10

White matter

Back 10

Myelin, tracks, myelinated axons

Front 11

Grey matter

Back 11

Cell bodies

Front 12

What are the brain planes

Back 12

Coronal (bread slicing), Sagittal (cut long), Cross sectional (up or down)

Front 13

Organization of brain (general)

Back 13

Cortex (outer brain), medulla (inner layer)

Front 14

Fore brain

Back 14

Telencephalon and diencephalon

Front 15

Mid brain

Back 15

Mesencephalon

Front 16

Hindbrain

Back 16

Metancephalon and myelencephalon

Front 17

Increase folds without increasing size

Back 17

Cerebral cortex

Front 18

Cerebral cortex includes

Back 18

Localization of function, size matters (more neurons more folds), maps (homunculus-sensory and motor input), expanded forebrain, plasticity of neural cells

Front 19

Peripheral nervous system is the

Back 19

Somatic and autonomic

Front 20

Somatic

Back 20

Striated skeletal muscle and sensory receptors

Front 21

Autonomic

Back 21

Cardiac, smooth muscle.

1- sympathetic

2- parasympathetic

3- enteric (inside gut)

Front 22

Sympathetic is

Back 22

Fight or flight

Front 23

Parasympathetic is

Back 23

Rest and digest

Front 24

Somatic and autonomic, how many neurons?

Back 24

Somatic- single neuron relay

Autonomic- two neuron relay

Front 25

Preganglionic neuron

Back 25

Neuron that exits the spinal cord

Front 26

Autonomic ganglia are

Back 26

Synapses between the first and second neurons

Front 27

Post ganglionic neurons are

Back 27

The neurons from the ganglia to the effectors

Front 28

Sympathetic ganglia are

Back 28

By spinal cord, exit from lumbar regions (short to long)

Front 29

Parasympathetic ganglia are

Back 29

Near targets. Exit spinal cord from cranial and sacral regions (long to short)

Front 30

Horomones for sympathetic and parasympathetic

Back 30

Sympathetic- epinephrine

Parasympathetic- acetylcholine

Front 31

Period of time is

Back 31

Between a particular rhythm and the next

Front 32

Zeitgiber (time giver) is

Back 32

Environmental cue. "Free running rhythm" when cue is removed

Front 33

Suprachiasmatic nuclei

Back 33

Internal clock (circadian clock), indogenous rhythm

Front 34

What are slow and broadcast

Back 34

Endocrine and neuroendocrine cells

Front 35

Non neuronal endocrine cells

Back 35

Epithelial cell derived

Front 36

Neurosecretory endocrine cells are

Back 36

Modified neurons

Front 37

Steroid horomones are

Back 37

Derived from cholesterol, lipid soluble

Front 38

Peptide and protein horomones are

Back 38

Structured chains of amino acids

Front 39

Amine horomones are

Back 39

Modified amino acids, water soluble

Front 40

Intracellular receptors bind

Back 40

Lipid soluble receptorts

Front 41

G-protein coupled receptors bind

Back 41

Water soluble horomones

Front 42

Enzyme linked membrane receptors bind

Back 42

Water soluble horomones

Front 43

POMC

Back 43

Peptide/protein hormone made as part of a pre hormone. Carry out post-translational processing to generate the hormone

Front 44

What are the endocrine glands

Back 44

Pituitary, adrenal, thyroid, pan tease, gonads

Front 45

Posterior pituitary gland

Back 45

Down growth of hypothalamus, neural control of neurosecretory cells

Front 46

Anterior pituitary

Back 46

Derived from the palate, neurosecretory control of endocrine cells

Front 47

Posterior pituitary parts

Back 47

Median eminence, infundibular stalk, pars nervoua

Front 48

Anterior pituitary parts

Back 48

Pars tuberalis, pars distalis, pars intermedia

Front 49

The hormones of the hypothalamus

Back 49

Inhibit or release, tropic hormones control other endocrine glands

Front 50

Semelparous reproduction

Back 50

One time then death

Front 51

Iteroparous reproductikn

Back 51

Many reproductive events

Front 52

Monotreme mammals

Back 52

Lay eggs

Front 53

Marsupial mammals

Back 53

Immature young in pouch

Front 54

Eutherian mammals

Back 54

Placental mammals

Front 55

Eutherian menstruate

Back 55

Shed uterine lining

Front 56

Eutherian estrus

Back 56

Re absorb uterine lining

Front 57

Ovary phases

Back 57

1) follicular phase- early/late, oocyte primary to mature

2) luteal phase- degenerate/ mature corpus luteum

3) LHS- key to oogenesis

4) corpus luteum- supports pregnancy

Front 58

LH

Back 58

Luteinizing hormone, estrodial drives surge.

Front 59

FSH

Back 59

Follicle- stimulating hormone

Front 60

The adrenal cortex parts

Back 60

Zona reticularis- sex hormone

Zona fasciculata- glucocorticoids

Zona glomerulosa- amine hormones

Front 61

Follicular phase

Back 61

Menses and proliferative

Front 62

Luteal phase

Back 62

Secretory, progesterone

Front 63

What do leydig cells make

Back 63

Testosterone

Front 64

What do steroli cells do (FSH)

Back 64

Support and regulate spermatogenesis

Front 65

What are the spinal reflexes

Back 65

Stretch and flexing

Front 66

Stretch reflex

Back 66

1a sensory neuron

Extrafusial (working) muscle

Intrafusial (nonworking) muscle

Muscle spindles (proprioceptors)

Front 67

1a sensory neuron

Back 67

Largest sensory neuron, sends information (extensor muscles). Alpha motor neuron on many muscles.

Front 68

Flexion reflex

Back 68

Withdraw reflex, load compensation, descending pathways from brain (input) from 1a afferents and flexion-reflex afferents

Front 69

Peripheral control rhythmic movements

Back 69

Each movement activates receptors that trigger the next movements

Front 70

Central control rhythmic movement

Back 70

Neural circuit in CNS that generates sequential and patterned activation of

Motor neurons

Front 71

Hormonal axis is

Back 71

Secretions of one endocrine gland acting on another in sequence

Front 72

The cerebral cortex

Back 72

Primary motor cortex and premotor cortex, cerebellum, basal ganglia

Front 73

Primary motor cortex

Back 73

Movement and muscle coordination

Front 74

Premotor cortex

Back 74

Appropriate movement

Front 75

The cerebellum

Back 75

Detection of motor error (smooth movement)

Front 76

Basal ganglia

Back 76

Suppress unwanted movement

Front 77

The m-line and z-disc

Back 77

Anchor myosin and actin

Front 78

Z is for, and m is for

Back 78

Z (actin)

M (myosin)

Front 79

Titan and nebulin align contractile proteins.

Back 79

Titan: z-disc to m-line

Nebulin- z-disc to end of actin

Front 80

Muslim heads have

Back 80

ATP released with Ca2+

Front 81

Synergism

Back 81

One hormone amplifies the affects of the other

Front 82

Permissiveness

Back 82

One hormone must be present for the other to excert its effects

Front 83

Anyagonism

Back 83

One hormone opposes the action of the other

Front 84

Gonadotropins

Back 84

LH and FSH (from pituitary)

Front 85

Diabetes type 1

Back 85

Autoimmune disease

Front 86

Diabetes type 2

Back 86

Insulin resistance

Front 87

Gestational diabetes

Back 87

Predictor of type 2

Front 88

The hormones of the hypothalamus

Back 88

Inhibit or release, tropic hormones control other endocrine glands

Front 89

Semelparous reproduction

Back 89

One time then death

Front 90

Iteroparous reproductikn

Back 90

Many reproductive events

Front 91

Monotreme mammals

Back 91

Lay eggs

Front 92

Marsupial mammals

Back 92

Immature young in pouch

Front 93

Antagonism

Back 93

One hormone opposes the action of the other

Front 94

Eutherian menstruate

Back 94

Shed uterine lining

Front 95

Eutherian estrus

Back 95

Re absorb uterine lining

Front 96

Ovary phases

Back 96

1) follicular phase- early/late, oocyte primary to mature

2) luteal phase- degenerate/ mature corpus luteum

3) LHS- key to oogenesis

4) corpus luteum- supports pregnancy

Front 97

LH

Back 97

Luteinizing hormone, estrodial drives surge.

Front 98

FSH

Back 98

Follicle- stimulating hormone

Front 99

The adrenal cortex parts

Back 99

Zona reticularis- sex hormone

Zona fasciculata- glucocorticoids

Zona glomerulosa- amine hormones

Front 100

Follicular phase

Back 100

Menses and proliferative

Front 101

Luteal phase

Back 101

Secretory, progesterone

Front 102

What do leydig cells make

Back 102

Testosterone

Front 103

What do steroli cells do (FSH)

Back 103

Support and regulate spermatogenesis

Front 104

What are the spinal reflexes

Back 104

Stretch and flexing

Front 105

Stretch reflex

Back 105

1a sensory neuron

Extrafusial (working) muscle

Intrafusial (nonworking) muscle

Muscle spindles (proprioceptors)

Front 106

1a sensory neuron

Back 106

Largest sensory neuron, sends information (extensor muscles). Alpha motor neuron on many muscles.

Front 107

Flexion reflex

Back 107

Withdraw reflex, load compensation, descending pathways from brain (input) from 1a afferents and flexion-reflex afferents

Front 108

Peripheral control rhythmic movements

Back 108

Each movement activates receptors that trigger the next movements

Front 109

Central control rhythmic movement

Back 109

Neural circuit in CNS that generates sequential and patterned activation of

Motor neurons

Front 110

What do leydig cells make (LH)

Back 110

Testosterone

Front 111

The cerebral cortex

Back 111

Primary motor cortex and premotor cortex, cerebellum, basal ganglia

Front 112

Primary motor cortex

Back 112

Movement and muscle coordination

Front 113

Premotor cortex

Back 113

Appropriate movement

Front 114

The cerebellum

Back 114

Detection of motor error (smooth movement)

Front 115

Basal ganglia

Back 115

Suppress unwanted movement

Front 116

The m-line and z-disc

Back 116

Anchor myosin and actin

Front 117

Z is for, and m is for

Back 117

Z (actin)

M (myosin)

Front 118

Titan and nebulin align contractile proteins.

Back 118

Titan: z-disc to m-line

Nebulin- z-disc to end of actin

Front 119

Muslim heads have

Back 119

ATP released with Ca2+

Front 120

Tropomyosin follows binding sites and blocks them

Back 120

Troponin has bindings sites for Ca2+ and shifts tropomyosin

Front 121

Synergism

Back 121

One hormone amplifies the affects of the other

Front 122

Vertebrate skeletal muscle

Back 122

Structure

Front 123

Isometric contraction

Back 123

Tension

Front 124

Isotonic contraction

Back 124

Changes in length

Front 125

What is tension

Back 125

The force exerted on a load by a unit of cross sectional area of the muscle

Front 126

Myosin heads have

Back 126

ATP released with Ca2+

Front 127

What is a motor unit

Back 127

Number of muscle fibers an alpha motor neuron innervates

Front 128

Vertebrate skeletal muscle

Back 128

Structure

Front 129

Gas exchange fusion and bulk flow

Back 129

Fusion- skin/lungs

Bulk flow- into system

Front 130

Pv=nRT

Back 130

Ideal gas law (partial pressure in chamber)

Front 131

Cx=APx

Back 131

Henry's law (gas partial pressure in aqueous solution)

Front 132

Permissiveness

Back 132

One hormone must be present for the other to excert its effects

Front 133

What phase does gas dissolve quickest in

Back 133

Aqueous

Front 134

What is resting tidal volume

Back 134

~500 ml (12% new air)

Front 135

What is ventilation powered by

Back 135

The diaphragm and intercostals

Front 136

What is the diaphram

Back 136

Sheet of connective tissue that completely separated thorasic from abdominal cavities

Front 137

The expansion of the thorasic cavity is called

Back 137

Contraction

Front 138

What are intercostals

Back 138

Muscles that run b/w adjacent rins and abdominal muscles

Front 139

What is the fountainhead of breathing

Back 139

Medulla oblongata

Front 140

What are direct effects of excersize

Back 140

Coordination of breathing and limb movements

Front 141

What are pulmonary surfactats

Back 141

Phospholipids that prevent water molecules from attracting each ither

Front 142

Blood CO2

Back 142

Dissolved- 7%

Bound to hemoglobin- 23%

As bicarbonate- 70%

Front 143

Anyagonism

Back 143

One hormone opposes the action of the other

Front 144

Hemoglobin unloading

Back 144

At rest- 25%

Excersizing- 65%

Front 145

What does the affinity for hemoglobin for O2 depend om

Back 145

The partial pressure of CO2 and pH

Front 146

What is the Bohr effect

Back 146

As P(CO2) increases, pH decreases

Front 147

The Bohr effect is adaptive because

Back 147

It facilitates deoxygenate in of Hb at the tissues

Front 148

Why are the atria of the heart very small

Back 148

B/c of velocity needed to pump blood

Front 149

Muscle of the heart is

Back 149

Striated, uninucleated, myofibers organized into sarcomeres. Branched.

Front 150

Intercalated discs b/w adjacent discs inclide

Back 150

Gap junctions (electrical coupling) and desmosomes (mechanical strength)

Front 151

Fibrous tissues in the heart

Back 151

Breaks up gap junctions and must go through the Atrioventrical node to ventricles

Front 152

Why does the Atrioventrical node have a delayed response

Back 152

To avoid aorta and ventricles beating together

Front 153

Anastomosis

Back 153

Bypass capillaries

Front 154

Gonadotropins

Back 154

LH and FSH (from pituitary)

Front 155

Kidney functions

Back 155

Water balance, regulate solutes, excrete waste

Front 156

Steps for urine production

Back 156

1) ultra filtration

2) secretion

3) reabsorption

Front 157

What is Glomerulus

Back 157

Capillary network in capsule

Front 158

Glomerulus in aquatic and terrestrial species

Back 158

Aquatic- more sunken into kidney

Terrestrial- more concentrated urine, less sunken

Front 159

Gas exchange currents from best to least

Back 159

Countercurrent, cross current, cocurrent, tidal

Front 160

Concentrated urine

Back 160

Goes down a gradient

Front 161

Loop of Henley

Back 161

Back (Definition)

Front 162

Diabetes type 1

Back 162

Autoimmune disease

Front 163

Diabetes type 2

Back 163

Insulin resistance

Front 164

Loop of Henley

Back 164

Back (Definition)

Front 165

Muscle contraction pathway

Back 165

Rigor > atp to adp p(i) > bind to g-cell > powerstroke goes to M line > bind site breaks

Front 166

Sliding filament theory

Back 166

Myosin and actin "sliding" past one another