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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does it mean when muscle cells are post-mitotic?
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These types of muscle cells when formed do not divide by mitosis so their number cannot increase.
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What is hypertropy?
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It is when structural proteins are added to a cell to increase the bulk of the muscle.
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Why does a muscle cell become smaller when it is not used?
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The single muscle fibers lose actin and myosin parts of the myofibrils.
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What type of fibers play a role in endurance exercises?
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Slow twitch fibers
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In terms of design, what are slow twitch fibers good for? (2)
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1)maintain isometric force economically
2) carry out repetitive isotonic contractions |
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What is the difference between isometric and isotonic?
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Isometric muscles do not shorten the whole muscle or move the limb while isotonic muscles do.
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What are the three main types of muscle fibers?
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1) SO (slow oxidative)
2) FOG (fast oxidative glycolytic) 3) FG (fast glycolytic) |
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What are four characteristics of slow oxidative muscle fibers (SO)?
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1) have the slowest rate of cross-bridge cycling because of their slow myosin formation
2) slow Ca2+-ATPase isoform in sarcoplasmic reticulum 3) contain abundant mitochondria 4) fatigue-resistant |
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Out of the three fibers, which one has the highest speed of contraction?
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FG (fast glycolytic)
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What is so special about the vastus lateralis?
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It is a mixed muscle with all three fiber types.
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What is the diffence between an edurance exercise and a strength or resistance exercise?
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Endurance exercise uses a lot of repetition with a low force while strength or resistance exercises do not use as much repetition but do use a relatively large force.
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What is an example of an endurance exercise?
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Long distance running, cycling or swimming.
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What is an example of a strength or resistance exercise?
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Stair running or weight lifting
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What part of the peripheral nervous system controls the skeletal muscles?
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Somatic nervous system. For this reason, skeletal muscles are called somatic effectors.
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Which of the primitive phylums have the simplest nervous system?
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Cnidarians
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What is an induced ovulator?
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An animal that depends on being stimulated through copulation to release eggs rather than being born with the eggs in the first place.
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What is a spontaneous ovulator?
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Animal that has ovulation result from processes endogenous to the female independent of mating.
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What hormone is responsible for releasing eggs from the ovaries in a female rabbit that is copulating?
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Luteinizing hormone (LH)
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How do baby rabbits recognize their mom?
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They rely on the pheromones on her nipples.
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What does it mean when a species is semelparous?
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It means an organism is only capable of producing a single time in its lifetime.
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What does it mean when a species is iteroparous?
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They can give birth two or more times.
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What is the defining characteristic of an obligate ram ventilator?
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They have to swim continuously forward, or they suffocate.
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What is the most important property of ATP physiology?
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ATP is not transported from one cell to another. Each cell must make its own ATP.
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What is a second important property of ATP physiology?
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ATP is not stored by cells to any substantial extent.
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What are three general points about glycolysis?
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1) enzymatically catalyzed reactions
2) starts out with glucose 3) converts into pyruvic acid |
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Where in the cell does glycolysis occur in?
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It occurs in the cytosol.
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During glycolysis, how many ATP are used and how many are produced? What is the net yield of ATP?
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2 ATP are used
4 are formed Net yield is 2 ATP |
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What does Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) do during glycolysis?
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The two molecules of NAD are converted to NADH2 per molecule of glucose metabolized.
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What vitamin is NAD (a coenzyme) synthesized from?
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Niacin
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In glycolysis, what is the ratio of pyruvic acid produced from each glucose?
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There are two molecules of pyruvic acid for each molecule of glucose.
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What are four mechanisms of ATP production?
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1) aerobic catabolism by use of oxygen acquired simultaneously from the environment
2) anaerobic catabolism 3) anaerobic ATP production by use of phosphagens 4) aerobic ATP production by use of internal oxygen stores |
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What are the two main types of muscle fibers present in vertebrates?
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1) slow oxidative
2) fast glycolytic |
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Why are slow oxidative fibers called slow?
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Compared to fast glycolytic fibers, SO fibers contract and develop tension slowly.
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What are three things that distinguish a slow oxidative fiber?
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1) make ATP by aerobic catabolism
2) key enzyme is succinic dehydrogenase 3) well endowed with mitochondria |
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What are three things that distinguish a fast glycolytic fiber?
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1) make ATP anaerobically
2) key enzyme is lactate dehydrogenase 3) sparse in mitochondria |
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Why are SO and FG fibers referred to as red and white fibers respectively?
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SO fibers are colored red because they are rich in myoglobin which stores oxygen well causing them to be red in color. FG fibers have very little myoglobin so it has a hard time storing oxygen making them white.
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Although SO fibers have a low mechanical power output...(2 good things about SO fibers)
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1) they are resistant to fatigue
2) they readily sustain work over long periods |
