Animal Physiology

Front 1

in a hydra, digestion occurs in the

Back 1

gastrovascular cavity

Front 2

the gastrovascular cavity has ____openings

Back 2

1

Front 3

the digestive tract of the earthworm is a

Back 3

long straigh tube

Front 4

the human digestive system has 2 main functions:

Back 4

1) digestion
2) absorption

Front 5

fats get broken down into

Back 5

glycerol and fatty acid

Front 6

starch gets broken down into

Back 6

monosaccharides

Front 7

___-and____are small enough to be absorbed without being digested

Back 7

vitamins and minerals

Front 8

peristalsis

Back 8

process in which smooth muscle pushes the food along the digestive tract

Front 9

humans are omnivores and have 3 different types of teeth

Back 9

1) incisors (for cutting)
2) canines (for tearing)
3) molars (for grinding)

Front 10

salivary amylase released by salivary glands begins the breakdown of

Back 10

starch

Front 11

after swallowing, food is directed into the esophogus and not the windpipe by the____

Back 11

epiglottis, a flap of cartilage in the back of the pharynx (throat)

Front 12

pharynx

Back 12

throat

Front 13

the stomach churns food and secretes gastric juice, a mixture of

Back 13

the enzyme pepsinogen and HCl, that begins the digestion of proteins

Front 14

what enzyme becomes activated in the stomach

Back 14

pepsin

Front 15

cardiac sphincter

Back 15

located at the top of the stomach
-keeps food in the stomach from backing up into the esophagus and burns it

Front 16

pyloric sphincter

Back 16

located at the bottom of the stomach
-keeps the food in the stomach long enough to be digested

Front 17

bile is produced in the____and stored in the___-

Back 17

1) liver
2) gallbladder

Front 18

the site of absorption

Back 18

small intestine

Front 19

the large intestine or colon serves 3 main functions:

Back 19

1) egestion (the removal of undigested waste)
2) vitamin production
3) removal of excess water

Front 20

if too much water is removed from the intestine, ____results

Back 20

constipation

Front 21

if too little water is removed from the intestine, _____results

Back 21

diarrhea

Front 22

gas exchange in humans

Back 22

1) air enters the nasal cavity
2) passes through the larynx and down the trachea and bronchi into the broncioles
3) then end up in air sacs called alveoli

Front 23

the medulla

Back 23

sets the rhythm of breathing and monitors CO2 levels in the blood

Front 24

oxygen is carried in the blood by

Back 24

hemoglobin

Front 25

CO2 is carried in the

Back 25

plasma

Front 26

O2 is carried by the

Back 26

red blood cells

Front 27

plasma

Back 27

liquid portion of the blood

Front 28

red blood cells

Back 28

-carry hemoglobin and oxygen

Front 29

white blood cells

Back 29

-fight infection

Front 30

platelets

Back 30

clot blood

Front 31

artery

Back 31

-carry blood AWAY from the heart with heavy pressures
-walls made of thick, elastic, smooth muscle

Front 32

vein

Back 32

-carry blood TO the heart under very little pressure
-thin walls have valves to help prevent backflow

Front 33

capillary

Back 33

-allows for diffusion of nutrients and wastes between cells and blood
-very small walls

Front 34

atria

Back 34

receive blood from the body cells

Front 35

ventricles

Back 35

pump blood out of the heart

Front 36

pacemaker or sinoatrial node

Back 36

sets the timing of the contractions of the heart

Front 37

the pacemaker is located in the

Back 37

right atrium

Front 38

blood pressure is lowest in the____and highest in the____

Back 38

1) veins
2) arteries

Front 39

normal blood pressure

Back 39

120/80

Front 40

systolic number

Back 40

120/80
-systolic = 120
-measurement of the pressure when the ventricles contract

Front 41

diastolic number

Back 41

120/80
-diastolic = 80
-a measure of the pressure when the heart relaxes

Front 42

pathway of blood

Back 42

blood enters the heart through the vena cava, from there:
1) right atrium
2)right (AV) valve
3) right ventricle
4) pulmonary semilunar valve
5) pulmonary artery
6) lungs
7) pulmonary vein
8) left atrium
9) left AV valve
10) left ventricle
11) aorta
12) to all the cells in the body

Front 43

the endocrine system secretes

Back 43

hormones

Front 44

the nervous system secretes

Back 44

neurotransmitters

Front 45

the flight or fight hormone

Back 45

adrenaline

Front 46

anterior pituitary gland

Back 46

-stimulates bone growth
-stimulates ovaries and testes

Front 47

posterior pituitary

Back 47

-stimulates contractions of the uterus and milk production

Front 48

thyroid

Back 48

-controls metabolic rate

Front 49

parathyroid

Back 49

raises blood calcium levels

Front 50

adrenal cortex

Back 50

raises blood sugar levels

Front 51

pancreas

Back 51

-lowers blood glucose levels

Front 52

thymus

Back 52

-stimulate T lymphocytes

Front 53

hypothalamus

Back 53

-signals to the adrenal glad to release adrenaline
-regulates the body's thirst and hunger

Front 54

ectotherms

Back 54

animals that gain most of their body heat from their environment

Front 55

endotherms

Back 55

animals that use metabolic processes to produce body heat

Front 56

ammonia

Back 56

-very soluble in water

Front 57

urea

Back 57

-not as toxic as ammonia

Front 58

uric acid

Back 58

-not soluble in water
-NOT TOXIC

Front 59

if fluid intake is high and salt intake is low, the kidney will

Back 59

produce large volumes of dilute urine

Front 60

the functional unit of the kidney

Back 60

nephron

Front 61

4 steps that a nephron carries out

Back 61

1) filtration-blood is forced through the glomerulus into Bowman's capsule
2) filtrate travels to the proximal tubule
3) secretion occurs in the proximal and distal tubules
4) reabsorption-process by which most of the water and solutes that initially entered the tubule during filtration are transported back into the body
5) excretion-the removal of metabolic wastes

Front 62

central nervous system

Back 62

consists of the brain and spinal cord

Front 63

peripheral nervous system

Back 63

consists of all nerves outside the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord)

Front 64

a neuron consists of a

Back 64

cell body, nucleus, dendrites, and axons

Front 65

dendrites

Back 65

sensory, they recieve incoming messages from other cells and carry the signal to the cell body

Front 66

a neuron has how many axons

Back 66

1

Front 67

axons

Back 67

transmit an impulse from the cell body outward to another cell

Front 68

axons are wrapped in a

Back 68

myelin sheath that is formed by Schwann cells

Front 69

nodes of ranvier

Back 69

the space in between myelin sheaths

Front 70

gated ion channels

Back 70

open or close in response to a stimulus and play an essential role in transmission of electrical impulses

Front 71

3 types of muscle

Back 71

1) smooth
2) cardiac
3) skeletal

Front 72

smooth muscle

Back 72

makes up the walls of the blood vessels and the digestive tract
-not striated

Front 73

cardiac muscle

Back 73

makes up the heart
not striated

Front 74

skeletal muscle

Back 74

large
-work in pairs

Front 75

actin

Back 75

thin filaments

Front 76

myosin

Back 76

thick filaments

Front 77

sarcolemma

Back 77

modified plasma membrane that surrounds each muscle fiber and can propogate an action potential

Front 78

sarcomere

Back 78

the functional unit of the muscle fiber cell

Front 79

gastrulation produces

Back 79

3 germ layers:
-ectoderm
-mesoderm
-mendotherm