Animal Behavior Exam One

Front 1

Which of the following do you need to keep in mind when testing animal behavior hypotheses?

Back 1

Cause, Ontogeny (development), Evolution, Survival value

Front 2

Imprinting is important for all of the following behaviors

Back 2

Species identification, Mate choice, Identifying parents, learning certain food preferences

Front 3

How do African ants studied by Wehner navigate in the bare desert landscape without landmarks?

Back 3

They use polarization of light to form a compass

Front 4

Karl von Frisch is best known for his studies with which animals?

Back 4

bees

Front 5

The time in a goose's life when it imprints the image of its mother is called

Back 5

critical period

Front 6

A genetically coded set of movements which has a specific meaning or purpose and is linked to some internal releasing mechanism is called a fixed action pattern. An example of a fixed action pattern is

Back 6

egg retrieval by geese, stickleback responses to mail trucks, play bow in dogs

Front 7

The "dove" strategy might be more effective than the "hawk" strategy under what circumstances?

Back 7

When the food source is widely distributed

Front 8

In the work of Niko Tinbergen, the egg rolling out of the goose's nest is the ____________ and the resulting behaviour of rolling it back with the beak is the ____________.

Back 8

sign stimulus/fixed action pattern

Front 9

A goose rolling one of its displaced eggs back to the nest with its beak is an example of

Back 9

fixed action pattern

Front 10

Which of the following characterizes ethology?

Back 10

was founded by von Frisch, Lorenz and Tinbergen, behavior is considered innate, comparative studies among related animals used to elucidate evolution of behavior, animals studied in natural context

Front 11

Konrad Lorenz developed which of the following behavioral concepts or ideas

Back 11

critical period, Imprinting

Front 12

Niko Tinbergen defined the input in a fixed action pattern as a(n)

Back 12

sign stimulus

Front 13

Eric Kandel won the Nobel Prize for physiology and medicine in 2000 for

Back 13

validation of simple models for the study of complex behaviors

Front 14

What are the "4 Central Questions of Ethology"?

Back 14

Causation, Survival Value, Ontogeny, Evolution

Front 15

Karl von Frisch tested for color vision in honeybees using

Back 15

dishes of food on colored vs. equivalent grey-scale squares

Front 16

Who has won a Nobel Prize for research contributing to our understanding of Animal Behavior?

Back 16

Niko Tinbergen, Eric Kandel, Konrad Lorenz, Karl von Frisch

Front 17

Early ethologists were interested in how an animal "decides" to engage in a particular activity at any given time. ________ theory developed to help to explain this internal decision making process.

Back 17

motivation or drive

Front 18

When unsure of what it should do, an animal in an approach-avoidance conflict may end up scratching or grooming itself. What are these behaviors are called?

Back 18

self-directed

Front 19

Habitat enrichment in zoos often rely on the assumption that self directed behaviors are indicative of what emotion?

Back 19

anxiety

Front 20

In extreme cases, self-directed behaviors can be _______, such as when a bird plucks out all its feathers.

Back 20

overexpressed

Front 21

When animal A elicits a reaction in animal B, but social rules prevent B from releasing that action on A, B may "vent" onto another object. What is this called?

Back 21

redirected behavior

Front 22

When you slam a door because you're angry at someone, this is an example of

Back 22

redirected behavior

Front 23

According to the models of drive, the baby langur in the video would stop playing and run back to its mother because

Back 23

its drive to play was dissipated, giving its drive to find security with its mother top priority.

Front 24

Self-directed behaviors tend to result from

Back 24

conflicting drives, anxiety, approach avoidance conflict

Front 25

In the context of animal behavior, drive is

Back 25

the propensity to engage in an act, the release of internal energy, the physiological cause for an animal's behavior, a way for animals to prioritize activities

Front 26

The hydraulic model of animal behavior explains

Back 26

how animals prioritize conflicting needs

Front 27

Which of the following is an example of a self directed behavior?

Back 27

face scratching

Front 28

Which if the following is an example of redirected behavior?

Back 28

kicking your dog because you had a bad day, A male elephant attacking a tree during his musth, Slamming a door after an argument, Burning a couch because the football team won/lost

Front 29

According to research done on cloned pigs that were either raised together in similar or were brought together after living in diverse environments, what was the most likely predictor of similarity in behavior among pigs?

Back 29

the conditions in which they were raised

Front 30

A zoo manager notices an overexpression of self-directed behaviors in a group of spider monkeys at the zoo. Which of the following would be effective strategies to reduce SDBs among the animals?

Back 30

hide the animals' food within the enclosures, increase complexity of the habitat

Front 31

One theory of drive states that energy is accumulated in a sort of reservoir and is drained for use in activities. This is called the _______ theory of drive.

Back 31

hydraulic

Front 32

Which of the following is an example of displacement behavior?

Back 32

A subordinate wolf is reprimanded by a dominant member of the pack: immediately after, the subordinate wolf growls and lunges at another pack member that walks nearby

Front 33

If you were to observe an individual gorilla at the zoo and record the amount of time she spends on different activities during her day, you would be constructing a

Back 33

time budget

Front 34

The drive theory predicts that

Back 34

Neurotransmitters are usually associated with short term behavioral changes while hormones are associated with long term behavioral changes

Front 35

When 3-spined Sticklebacks respond aggressively to the sight of a red mail truck driving past the window of the laboratory, their aggressive behavior is an example of a(n) ___________ and the red mail truck is an example of a(n)_____________.

Back 35

fixed action pattern... sign stimulus

Front 36

Which of the following is an example of an animal in a situation that would lead it to experience Approach-Avoidance Conflict?

Back 36

A fledgling bird poised at the edge of its nest before its first flight, as its mother calls to it from below.

Front 37

The handicap principle applies to all of the following except

Back 37

stimuli are outside their normal range

Front 38

The advantages of chemical communication include

Back 38

chemical cues can persist after sender is gone

Front 39

The honey bee waggle dance demonstrates

Back 39

ritualization, stereotypy

Front 40

Dishonesty in communication occurs

Back 40

when the senders and receivers interests are not the same, in mating situations

Front 41

Time budgets include all of the following

Back 41

a list of all possible behaviors, use of a stopwatch or other timing device, timing of the duration of each behavior, counting the frequency of each behavior

Front 42

Coevolution between senders and receivers involves all of these except

Back 42

sending out random signals to see if they work

Front 43

An ideal cross-fostering design should include an adquate experimental control, such as

Back 43

leave some of the offspring in their own nest for comparison

Front 44

The medium of communication, such as sound, action, odor, etc., is called what?

Back 44

Mode

Front 45

Why are low-frequency sound signals relatively rare as a form of communication?

Back 45

low frequency sounds are especially costly to produce

Front 46

What is an example of a supernormal stimulus?

Back 46

a peacock's tail feather display

Front 47

Name 4 elements of co-evolution between signalers and receivers

Back 47

refinement of signal, natural selection, concealment, noise filtration

Front 48

How do honeybees communicate the location of a food source?

Back 48

The angle that the straight portion of the dance makes with the vertical is the angle between the direction of the food and the direction of the sun,The number of dance cycles per minute indicates the distance of the food source,The intensity of the waggling and the duration of the dance indicates the food's desirability or quality

Front 49

How can a female enforce honest signaling in males?

Back 49

Make signaling cost a lot of time, Make signaling cost a lot of energy

Front 50

Did the mechanisms to receive or produce signals evolve first?

Back 50

Produce signals first

Front 51

Bees do a "waggle-dance" in order to communicate

Back 51

the location of a food source

Front 52

The process by which, for example, a dog's tail wag comes to be associated with friendliness is called

Back 52

ritualization

Front 53

Deceit in communication evolves

Back 53

when the interests of the sender and receiver are potentially in conflict

Front 54

Name 4 mechanisms used by organisms to clarify messages and distinguish them from "noise" made by other species?

Back 54

using a particular visual, auditory, or chemical " frequency", sending or receiving only at a particular time of day or season, interpretation by the brain of the many signals received, the use of redundant signals to reinforce messages

Front 55

Bees communicate information about direction using

Back 55

the angle of the sun

Front 56

Which communicatory modality probably evolved first?

Back 56

olfactory signals

Front 57

The concept of a "handicap" explains

Back 57

why signals are often costly to produce

Front 58

Sending a signal using multiple modalities is

Back 58

redundancy

Front 59

Stereotypy is

Back 59

performing a signal the same way each time

Front 60

Regarding the coevolution of sending and receiving communicatory signals, ______ usually arises first, then _______.

Back 60

communication, detection

Front 61

In a noisy, busy environment, ___________ can help reduce errors in communication

Back 61

signal redundancy

Front 62

As discussed in class, the laying of trail pheromones in ants probably evolved from _________.

Back 62

an attractive pheromone that stimulates tandem running

Front 63

The adoption of an existing output for use in communication is called what?

Back 63

ritualization

Front 64

Which of the following is true about ritualization and stereotypy?

Back 64

Ritualization is the evolutionary process of co-opting a behavior that already exists to serve a communicatory function, Stereotypy is a condition in which signals have very little variation among individuals in a population

Front 65

The enormous, non-functional decorative claw of a fiddler crab can be broken off and regrown. Upon regrowth, the new decorative claw appears as large as the original one but weighs a fraction of the original claw's weight. The regrown claw is an example of a(n)

Back 65

dishonest signal

Front 66

Reinforcement of honest signaling is possible if

Back 66

animals share a mutual interest in the information transmitted, the signal involves a handicap principle

Front 67

Reduction of signal variation via repetition is known as _________, while adoption of a signal through evolutionary processes is _________.

Back 67

stereotypy, ritualization

Front 68

Redundancy

Back 68

enables the receiver to check accuracy of the signal, is often used in a very important signal

Front 69

Dishonest communication

Back 69

can be intra- or interspecific, evolves when sender and receiver interests are not the same

Front 70

The frequency of vibrations in a sound wave determines its ___________, while we interpret the amount of energy in those vibrations as ________.

Back 70

pitch, loudness

Front 71

Sounds of the frequency 20 cycles per second

Back 71

Transmits well through soil

Front 72

When a sound is displayed as a wave on an oscilloscope, _____ represents _____?

Back 72

Cycles per second, pitch:Amplitude, volume

Front 73

The use of the olfactory sense for communication probably evolved to take advantage of

Back 73

the bodily waste products produced by all organisms

Front 74

If a certain species lacks a trait because of phylogenetic inertia

Back 74

its ancestors did not have the trait either

Front 75

You are a deep cave dwelling animal. The communicatory and sensory mode you are

Back 75

visual -it depends on light: there is very little light in caves

Front 76

Visual signals

Back 76

depend on the presence of light energy

Front 77

Which mode of communication is probably the most ancestral?

Back 77

chemoreception

Front 78

Species, gender and individual recognition is most commonly achieved using which mode of communication?

Back 78

vision

Front 79

In fish that use electrical signals for communication, the organs that produce these signals are ___________?

Back 79

evolved from modified muscles

Front 80

In the example of the male goldeneye duck who was raised by mallard ducks, the genetic program of this individual was expressed in

Back 80

his use of goldeneye courtship behavior

Front 81

The capacity to learn behavior, as opposed to following a genetic program, would be an advantage to which of the following?

Back 81

wolves growing up in a family pack

Front 82

Narrow sense heritability is

Back 82

The proportion of phenotypic variation due to additive genetic variation

Front 83

Additive genetic variation

Back 83

is directly subject to selection, is diminished by strong selection

Front 84

When Va =0, Vp is due to

Back 84

Ve

Front 85

Quantitative traits

Back 85

result in a continuous distribution for the expression of the trait, are controlled by multiple genes

Front 86

You discover a population of mallard ducks in which both the males and females are hyperaggressive . After a heritability analysis, you discover that aggression in mallards has a very low heritability in both sexes. This finding suggests that aggression in these ducks has been

Back 86

important in competition among males, important in competition among females

Front 87

People have used _______ for thousands of years to make successive generations of domestic animals express desirable phenotypes

Back 87

artificial selection

Front 88

Phenotypic variation can be expressed as

Back 88

Genetic variation + environmental variation

Front 89

If the heritability of a trait is 0, it indicates that

Back 89

the trait is entirely determined by environmental influences

Front 90

A researcher seeks to identify whether alcoholism in rodents is primarily directed by genetic influences or by learning through environmental exposure. She sets up 10 cages, each containing a mother rat with a young litter of offspring. Half of the mother rats are known to have alcoholic tendencies, whereas the other half do not. To test her question, she switches a few offspring from alcoholic mothers to the non-alcoholic mothers, and vice versa. Once the young rats reach adulthood, she offers them alcohol and records their use of it. This experiment is an example of which animal behavior research method?

Back 90

Cross-fostering

Front 91

Low heritability occurs when

Back 91

there is low genetic variance, there is strong selection on a trait

Front 92

Given the following heritabilities for the different facets of peacock tail displays, Visual recognition -h2=0.68, Memory -h2=0.35, Muscle control -h2=0.11, Tail-feather length h2=0.28 we can determine that selection in the past has acted most strongly upon

Back 92

Muscle control

Front 93

If selection has been acting strongly on a trait for a long time, additive genetic variation _____

Back 93

decreases

Front 94

In Japanese quail, the heritability of dominance rank is approximately 70% for females and 30% for males. Why would this be?

Back 94

Because dominance rank for males determines access to females, there is strong selection and thus little additive genetic variation in males.

Front 95

We do a survey of male student's heights compared with their parentsˆ height and graph the students against the average height of their parents. The slope of the line that best fits the graph is .23 and this number is equivalent to the narrow-sense heritability of this trait in this population. This indicates that

Back 95

77% of the phenotypic variation is due to non additive variation and environmental effects.

Front 96

Genetic tools have been used to search for genes that code for "executive function". These would be genes that code for proteins or which regulate pathways that have overall organizational control over a behavior. To this point, such genes have not been found. Most behavioral patterns are influenced by a set of genes (QTL's). This suggests that

Back 96

behavior is the result of the information encoded by many genes, but no one gene "directs" the behavior

Front 97

Which of the following is an example of a phenotypic trait that is determined by nonadditive genetic variation?

Back 97

eye color

Front 98

A QTL, or Quantitative Trait Locus analysis, is useful for

Back 98

mapping the general location on a chromosome for genes that are correlated with a certain phenotype, determining the number of genes that have major influences on a certain phenotype

Front 99

Low heritability results from

Back 99

strong selective pressure on a trait,low additive genetic variation

Front 100

Suddenly realizing the solution to a problem you have been thinking about for a while is an example of what type of learning

Back 100

insight

Front 101

Maze learning is an example of what kind of learning?

Back 101

trial and error

Front 102

Aversion learning has been well-studied in what organism

Back 102

rats

Front 103

Erik Kandel won the Nobel Prize in 2000 for his studies of ____________ in sea slugs, Aplysia

Back 103

habituation and sensitized responses

Front 104

Observational learning requires that

Back 104

an animal has a sense of itself and others

Front 105

Specific appetites or "cravings" are an example of what?

Back 105

evolutionary response to supplement limiting nutrients

Front 106

Which of the following forms of communication is most effective for long-distance signals under water?

Back 106

low-frequency sound signals

Front 107

Electric fish have evolved under which of the following environmental conditions?

Back 107

murky river beds

Front 108

The inability of the fostered goldeneye duck to successfully mate with a female of his own species was a result of

Back 108

imprinting upon the mallard foster mother

Front 109

If a trait has a heritability of 0, then all variation in the trait is due to

Back 109

environmental conditions

Front 110

Strong selection on a trait will have what effect on its heritability?

Back 110

it will drop toward 0

Front 111

In male quails, aggressive pecking behavior corresponds to increased reproductive success. As a result

Back 111

genetic variation is reduced, and therefore heritability is reduced

Front 112

Which of the following options BEST describes the manner in which genotype determin animal behavior?

Back 112

Each gene codes for a series of amino acids that comprise a protein

Front 113

Which of the following organisms has been a primary study model for investigations of single-gene mutations’ effects on behavior (such as the “logjam” mutation)?

Back 113

Drosophila

Front 114

Which of the following techniques can be used to address questions of “nature vs. nurture”?

Back 114

cross-fostering, phylogenetic studies, artificial selection, using inbreeding

Front 115

In general, you would expect a trail pheromone, designed to guide animals without needing to have direct contact between the animal laying the trail and the animals following the trail, are characterized by which of the following properties?

Back 115

high molecular weight, resistant to evaporation

Front 116

Habituation occurs in response to

Back 116

prolonged exposure to a stimulus over time, decreased response in the receptor organ to the stimulus

Front 117

Bait shyness in rats is an example of

Back 117

aversion learning

Front 118

An animal that purposely orients itself in relation to wind direction is exhibiting which of the following behaviors?

Back 118

anemotaxis

Front 119

Which of the types of learning below can take place at the receptor level as well as in the central nervous system?

Back 119

habituation

Front 120

While a raven cannot learn how to tie a knot with a piece of string, a human cannot remember the location of the 30 Easter eggs he or she hid in the yard. This illustrates the importance of considering ________ when evaluating learning abilities

Back 120

context

Front 121

The ability to gain information by looking where another animal is looking

Back 121

is gaze following, implies a concept of "self" vs. "other"

Front 122

Eric Kandel won the nobel prize for finding that ___________ in sea slugs is mediated by protein synthesis

Back 122

habituation

Front 123

Which of the following is NOT true about trial and error learning

Back 123

important for migratory routes

Front 124

Habituation can occur at the level of

Back 124

both peripheral sensory cells and the central nervous system (brain)

Front 125

In the 1950s, people in England who had their milk delivered directly to their homes started to have trouble with bird thieves

Back 125

A local bird species called the Blue Tit started raiding the bottles of milk, popping the lids off the tops to drink the liquid. This behavior spread quickly among Blue Tits throughout England. A likely explanation for the rapid spread in this behavior among Blue Tits is

Front 126

Under what circumstances would you use a larder-caching strategy rather than scatterhoarding?

Back 126

You are a solitary individual with little contact with conspecifics, You have a terrible memory and will not be able to remember where you hid the food.

Front 127

In order to succeed in a habitat where everyone is madly caching food, what characteristics might it be useful to have?

Back 127

a good memory, an ability for observational learning, a good nose, an aptitude for sneakiness

Front 128

The available evidence on the question of whether or not animals can count generally seems to indicate that

Back 128

animals can count to about 3 but rarely beyond

Front 129

The ability of some bird species to incorporate learning into songs is supported by what evidence?

Back 129

highly individual songs in song sparrows the existence of local song dialects

Front 130

How are birds such as mockingbirds and parrots able to continually learn new songs and sounds?

Back 130

by retaining learning flexibility through their whole life

Front 131

Why might it be advantageous to be able to mimic the songs of other birds?

Back 131

to fool competing species into thinking youˆre one of them, to discourage other birds from settling in your territory

Front 132

Clicker training is effective when

Back 132

the click is associated with a positive reward, the click is timed correctly so the animal can associate it with the desired action

Front 133

Scatter hoarding relies on

Back 133

memory, olfatation for re-foraging, heuristic principles to relocate food

Front 134

If you are an animal that ordinarily uses a solar compass, which of the following might be a useful backup under overcast skies?

Back 134

geomagnetic compass

Front 135

What are some drawbacks of using compasses?

Back 135

The further you go along a direction of travel, the greater the effect of small directional errors, Each type of compass fails under certain conditions, Compasses are not completely reliable alone fl they work best when corrected by another orientational system such as the use of landmarks.

Front 136

In general, the use of any type of compass involves

Back 136

an internal clock

Front 137

Without environmental information, animal movements would be

Back 137

Random

Front 138

Which of the following apply to simple navigation

Back 138

Defined as orienting toward or away from a stimulus

Front 139

In navigation, a simultaneous comparison

Back 139

Requires more than one receptor, Takes less time than sequential comparison, Is used by most animals

Front 140

An animal that is positively anemotactic

Back 140

Moves upwind

Front 141

The ability to return home by the most direct route

Back 141

is path integration, requires an internal calculation of the home vector

Front 142

How do homing pigeons get home

Back 142

use a geomagnetic compass to find their way home, use a solar compass to find their way home, use olfactory landmarks to find their way home.

Front 143

If a moth that is placed in a wind tunnel chooses to fly directly into the wind, it is an example of

Back 143

chemotherapy, anemotaxis

Front 144

Why do antennae occur in pairs?

Back 144

paired antennae confer an evolutionary advantage due to improved navigation, as they allow organisms to compare inputs from two sources simultaneously

Front 145

Geocentric navigation is also known as

Back 145

Allothetic: information is gained from environment

Front 146

Some ungulate populations consistently migrate along traditional routes that are far longer than any one individual could travel in a lifetime. Since the animals cannot learn the full route from their elders, what navigational mode must they be using?

Back 146

Idiothetic: information is genetically-encoded

Front 147

For animals that rely on navigation using polarized light, what conditions MUST be met for proper navigation?

Back 147

at least two clearings in the clouds

Front 148

_________ navigation uses information from internally stored resources

Back 148

Idiothetic

Front 149

Kinesis

Back 149

movement undirected with respect to the stimuli

Front 150

Consider an animal that navigates using simple kinesis and lives in a habitat where food resources are distributed randomly. If it eats all of a food resource in a certain location, which movement pattern would it most likely exhibit when it starts to search for more food?

Back 150

expanding spiral

Front 151

Avoiding cold temperatures, breeding, and following available food are reasons we discussed for

Back 151

Migration

Front 152

Short-range migratory behavior tends to be a more _______ character in avian phylogenies

Back 152

ancestral

Front 153

In general, migrating animals use _______________ to gauge the distance they have travelled

Back 153

physiological state/effort

Front 154

Salmon find their natal streams by

Back 154

imprinting on chemical cues during a critical period, oceanic currents, salinity gradient, temperature gradient

Front 155

The movement of populations between seasonally appropriate habitats is

Back 155

migration

Front 156

The sit and wait strategy

Back 156

refers to the strategy employed by perching eagles, is often accompanied by cryptic coloration, is a good way to conserve energetic resources

Front 157

Many animals which are adapted for herbivory occasionally (when the opportunity presents itself) eat animals or animal remains. This departure from strict herbivory occurs because

Back 157

a diet composed of only plant materials is usually deficient in critical nutrients such as sodium, iron and calcium.

Front 158

Even herbivores may occasionally consume animal flesh if given the chance. Which nutrients may be missing from an herbivorous diet that may account for this behavior?

Back 158

Sodium, Protein, Nitrogen, Phosphorus

Front 159

What is the most likely explanation, as discussed in class, for the observations that deer occasionally eat nestling birds and that elk occasionally eat meat from carcasses?

Back 159

The deer and elk are lacking salt in their diets.

Front 160

According to the marginal value theorem, an animal should leave a patch of food when

Back 160

the rate of return starts to decrease (where the tangent to the return curve has a slope of 1)

Front 161

You are a large mammalian predator whose main prey items are butterflies. Unfortunately, you cannot fly, but you do have a long tongue and large eyes. Which of the following are TRUE

Back 161

You are involved in an evolutionary arms race

Front 162

Why might it be that most insect herbivores are specialists, while most mammalian herbivores are generalists?

Back 162

Because insects are smaller than most mammals, they require less of a particular plant resource (one plant may feed generations of insects) than mammals and are therefore less vulnerable to fluctuations in plant availability and distribution.

Front 163

A wide range of species have been shown to forage in accordance with the Marginal Value Theorem. Why are social insects such as ants a possible exception to this rule?

Back 163

Because many ants work together, they can afford to use diverse foraging strategies.

Front 164

Birds in a laboratory are shown slides of moths against a cryptic background and their ability to recognize the moths is recorded. If their success rate at detecting moths does not show any change over time, this is evidence that

Back 164

The birds are using a strategy of slow, careful searches each time.

Front 165

In New World primates, what morphological adaptation signifies differential diets between species?

Back 165

digestive tract length

Front 166

Search images are thought to be an adaptive behavior because

Back 166

maximize food discovery, they speed up handling time, enable selectivity in predation, increase capture rate of cryptic prey

Front 167

What is the term used to describe populations of animals that are randomly distributed throughout their range (that is, where the location of each individual is completely unaffected by the locations of the other individuals)?

Back 167

Ideal Free Distribution

Front 168

According to the marginal value theorem, as the distance between patches of food _______, animals are more likely to spend ________ time in each patch

Back 168

Increases... more

Front 169

If a population of a prey species exhibits two or more distinctly different morphs that persist over many generations, which of the following selection forces is likely to be driving that pattern?

Back 169

Predators that form search images

Front 170

Animals may share vigilance within a group. Evolutionary explanations for shared vigilance include

Back 170

kin selection, selfish herd, reciprocal altruism

Front 171

Fish in a school may behave as members of a selfish herd. In this case, the fish probably compete for the

Back 171

a position in the middle of the school

Front 172

Alarm calls are most effective when

Back 172

they specify the enemy, or kind of enemy, that is approaching

Front 173

Which of the following is not a cost of vigilance?

Back 173

increased risk of predation

Front 174

What is the most common method for studying vigilance behavior?

Back 174

time budgets

Front 175

In leks, the most successful males tend to occupy

Back 175

the central positions because they are the most difficult to acquire.

Front 176

In the African savannah, lions, hyenas, and cheetahs all compete for the same resources. Lions and hyenas will kill and eat cheetahs to keep their ___________ clear of competitors

Back 176

Feeding territory

Front 177

A scientist set up a speaker near a cheetah and played lion calls, hyena calls, and nondescript synthesized calls. The cheetah abandoned its food if it heard the lion or the hyena calls, but not the synthesized call. In this experiment the control was

Back 177

Playing the synthesized non-descript sound

Front 178

Many farm animals exhibit territorial behaviors in the wild. Aggressiveness in these animals has been decreased through

Back 178

Selective breeding

Front 179

Many conservation plans involve the captive breeding of endangered species. Which of the following is NOT true regarding territorial animals in an enclosed setting?

Back 179

Allowing only the least territorial animals to breed will lead to decreased aggression in the next generation, thus increasing the likelihood of successful reintroduction

Front 180

What is the main objective that drives territoriality?

Back 180

monopolization of resources

Front 181

Animals are distributed randomly in the habitat with respect to both each other and to the resources in what kind of a distribution?

Back 181

ideal-free

Front 182

Sexual selection acting between genders

Back 182

can result in low genetic variability for the trait under selection, results in elaboration of traits that one sex finds appealing in its potential mate

Front 183

The cost of meiosis

Back 183

is the reduction in relatedness between parent and progeny compared to asexual reproduction

Front 184

RA Fisher stated that selection is not acting on sex ratios, per se, but instead is acting on

Back 184

The cost/investment to produce a particular sex

Front 185

Evolutionary theory predicts that females will be more reluctant than males to mate. In addition, they should

Back 185

Be less concerned than males with their mate's fidelity

Front 186

A female Fig wasp will lay all her eggs inside a developing fig. After hatching, male siblings must compete with each other for available females because all mating occurs inside the fruit. After mating, the males die and only the females leave the fig to look for another fruit to lay eggs in. This results in sex ratios

Back 186

That favor more females

Front 187

If females are twice as costly to produce as males, we would predict sex ratios

Back 187

1 female:2 males

Front 188

By convention, we refer to the individuals who produce relatively few, large gametes as

Back 188

female

Front 189

In an unvarying environment, it may actually be disandvantageous to use sexual reproduction, as opposed to asexual reprodcution because

Back 189

of the cost of meiosis, sex may break up successful genetic combinations

Front 190

Females are stereotypically predicted to be the "choosier" sex due to the fact that

Back 190

the energetic investment by females in each gamete is high

Front 191

Two possible mechanisms for sexual selection are

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intrasexual competition and intersexual selection via female choice

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Asexual reproduction is more common in

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predictable environments and “low” evolved organisms

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Sexual reproduction has all except which benefit

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sexual reproduction does not have disadvantages

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The term to describe a species that have female and male gametes of different sizes is

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anisogamy

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Differential gamete sizes between male and female evolved as a solution to solve a trade off between

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gametes that are inexpensive but are numerous, gametes that are expensive but well protected

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In Belding’s ground squirrels, where females remain within the mother territory and males disperse to other colonies, we could predict the sex ration to be

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50:50