Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
the study of animal behavior
|
ethology
|
|
|
What were the topics of Tinbergen's 4 questions?
|
causation, development, function, evolution
|
|
|
Which of Tinbergen's 4 questions were proximate (how)?
|
causation (mechanism), development (ontogeny)
|
|
|
Which of Tinbergen's 4 questions were ultimate (why)?
|
function (adaptive significance), evolution
|
|
|
What are immobility responses used as?
|
a survival tactic
|
|
|
What are the 3 foundations of animal behavior?
|
natural selection, learning, and cultural transmission
|
|
|
What is cultural transmission?
|
situations where animals learn something by copying the behavior of others through social learning
|
|
|
What must be present for natural selection to occur?
|
variation
|
|
|
What is parent- offspring regression?
|
A technique used for measuring heritability that involves measuring a trait in parents and offspring
|
|
|
Phylogeny
|
evolutionary history through common descent
|
|
|
the study of animal behavior
|
ethology
|
|
|
What were the topics of Tinbergen's 4 questions?
|
causation, development, function, evolution
|
|
|
Which of Tinbergen's 4 questions were proximate (how)?
|
causation (mechanism), development (ontogeny)
|
|
|
Which of Tinbergen's 4 questions were ultimate (why)?
|
function (adaptive significance), evolution
|
|
|
What are immobility responses used as?
|
a survival tactic
|
|
|
What are the 3 foundations of animal behavior?
|
natural selection, learning, and cultural transmission
|
|
|
Cultural transmission
|
situations where animals learn something by copying the behavior of others through social learning
|
|
|
What must be present for natural selection to occur?
|
variation
|
|
|
Parent-offspring regression
|
A technique used for measuring heritability that involves measuring a trait in parents and offspring
|
|
|
Phylogeny
|
evolutionary history through common descent
|
|
|
Homologous trait
|
trait shared by 2 or more species due to a common ancestor
|
|
|
Homoplasy
|
a trait not caused by a common ancestor that 2 or more species share
|
|
|
Analogous traits
|
traits similar as a result of similar selection pressures rather than ancestral descent (convergent evolution)
|
|
|
The direction of historical change in a trait
|
polarity
|
|
|
process of humans choosing certain trait varieties over others through implementing breeding programs that cause one or more selected varieties to increase in frequency
|
artificial selection
|
|
|
behavior has evolved due to...
|
natural selection
|
|
|
Proximate questions ask...
|
how and what
|
|
|
Ultimate questions ask...
|
why
|
|
|
superior variety remains; survival of most fit
|
competition
|
|
|
role an animal plays; adapts physically to it
|
niche
|
|
|
adaptive radiation
hint: Darwin's finches |
adapting to an environment and spreading out from the original form; occurs when there's room for your niche and stops when all niches have been filled
|
|
|
speciation
|
how much genetic change is needed for a specific trait to occur
|
|
|
phyletic gradualism
|
species population changes continuously and gradually over time as the environment and biology keeps changing
|
|
|
young and mom get attached by odor or visual cues; biological
|
imprinting
|
|
|
learning quickly after making first mistake
|
1 trial learning
|
|
|
associating certain taste with nausea, fear snakes
|
biological preparedness
|
|
|
The Garcia effect tested what?
|
taste aversion conditioning
|
|
|
contra prepared
|
animal knows not to put food in a hole; ex: pig and coin
|
|
|
instinctive drift
|
behavior will drift back to instinctive way
|
|
|
replicates itself, holds info
|
DNA
|
|
|
RNA
|
central to protein synthesis, regulate which genes are expressed
|
|
|
protein
|
needed for gene expression, forms structures in and alters chemical reactions within the body
|
|
|
observable result of the interaction between genes and the environment; what natural selection operates on
|
phenotype
|
|
|
if the heterozygote has higher fitness than the homozygote, then both alleles are maintained in the population because both are favored by the heterozygote
|
heterozygote superiority (aka heterosis and overdominance)
|
|
|
polymorphism
|
occurence of different forms in the same species
|
|
|
The 3 approaches to ethology
|
conceptual, theoretical, empirical
|
|
|
conceptual approach to ethology
|
integrating what were formerly unconnected ideas and combining them in new ways
|
|
|
theoretical approach to ethology
|
mathematical model of the world
|
|
|
empirical approach to ethology
|
gathering data and drawing conclusions from it; based on direct observation
|
|
|
you should help your kin because by helping your kin you're helping your genes
|
Hamilton's concept of "kin selection"
|
|
|
benefits derived from providing benefits to anyone with copies of your genes
|
total fitness
|
|
|
thinking in terms of benefits to genes
|
selfish gene
|
|
|
the process of the prey adapting and then the predator adapting, etc..
|
arms race
|
|
|
law of effect
|
behaviors that result in something negative will decrease in frequency
|
|
|
What are some species that have temperature dependent sex determination?
|
crocodiles, many turtles, some lizards; effects of temperature occur during a "thermosensitive period"
|
|
|
The DMRT1 gene is...
|
upregulated at male temperatures and downregulated at female temperatures
|
|
|
pathogenic species
|
development occurs without fertilization
|
|
|
born with both male and female genitals; have too much androgen in the female fetus and too little in the male fetus
|
hermaphrodite; androgenital syndrome
|
