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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name the 5 steps to how science works
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Question
Hypothesis Prediction based on hypothesis Data collection Reject/ TENTATIVELY accept hypothesis - continue testing |
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Describe the fields/brancheswithin animal behavior (3)
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Ethology - study animals in nature, instinct
Comparative psychology - use captive animals to study learning, experiments Behavioral ecology - adaptation, how they survive, reproduce |
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Describe the levels of analysis in animal behavior (4) - which are proximate/ultimate?
Know textbook terms too! |
MOSP
PROXIMATE Mechanims - immediate internal/external triggers - neural/hormonal mechanisms Ontogeny - development - genetic-development mechanisms ULTIMATE Selective advantage (function) - adaptive value Phylogeny - evolutionary history |
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Apply 4 levels to prairie voles (and song birds)
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Mechanism - vasopressin
Ontogeny - V1AR gene (more vasopressin receptors) Function - Defend their mates Evolutionary history - mate guarding |
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What did Lamarck propose?
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Proposed animals could change through time - Lamarckian evolution (giraffes stretching necks)
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What did Malthus propose?
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Economist: Populations expand and grow until resources become limited and competition increases.
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What concept did Lyell propose? Describe it.
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Uniformitarianism = Evidence that earth was much older than thought previously ( accumulation of small changes - river in grand canyon)
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Mouse to elephant thought experiment shows...
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small changes accumulate and have a big impact over time!
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Who was Alfred Russel Wallace? What are his 2 key ideas? What didn't he grasp
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Naturalist, published article suggesting:
species are descended from other species new species are influenced by the environment That it could explain origin of all species |
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Natural selection vs evolution
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Natural selection is one mechanism through which evolution can occur
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Define evolution
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Descent with modification
Change through time across generations Change in ALLELE FREQUENCY in a population over time |
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What is a gene/allele
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molecular unit of heredity in a living organism
One form of gene which may result in diferent physical traits Know how to calculate allele frequiency |
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Give some direct/indirect evidence/examples for evolution
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DIRECT:
HIV retrovirus evolution Bacterial evolution Resistance to antibiotics, pesticides Microevolution - Galapagos finches Fossils INDIRECT Biogeography (island species - finches) Artificial selection (dogs, plants) Shared ancestry (homology, vestigial organs) |
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How do fossils explain evolution? What questions do they raise?
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Why were there so many different kinds of animals that no longer exist? Why do fossils resemble current animals? Why do fossils resemble other fossils from close in time?
--> evolution is the answer! Horse example |
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What are the similarities/differences btwn humans andaustralopithicines?
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Brain huge only in humans
Both walk upright |
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Biogeography: define
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Distribution of species across space and time.
Across the world, different animals fill similar roles but animals in one area resemble each other Deer vs kangaroo example |
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Darwin's finches
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Similar species evolved to do different thing (filling niche of woodpecker, for example) on island with no other birds
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What is homology? Vestigal organs
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Similarity due to descent from a common ancestor or form
Developmental - flounder eye that moves in development Structural - arm bones Genetic - all animals share large proportions of dna |
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Hox genes
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Highly conserved regulatory genes involved in development of specific body regions - similar sequence/function across animals.
Can replace fruitfly hox gene with mouse, normal development Duplicates are free to evolve - eye mutation |
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DNA sequences...
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don't matter in many cases.
Large portions of noncoding/redundant dna, yet find strong homology in noncoding/synonymous dna - proof of common ancestor |
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Example of vestigial organs
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Tail
Whale/snake pelvis/femur Vagus nerve covers long distance even though brain stem and vocal chord is close. |
