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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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the __ has the most goblet cells
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colon
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there are __ muscle layers in the stomach. they are __
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3, longitudinal, circular, oblique
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in you see brauners glands you are in the __
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duodenum
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what are the regions of the stomach (4)
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-cardiac
-fundus -body -pyloric |
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as you descend in the stomach the mucousal lining __
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increases
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what cells of the stomach produce HCL?
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parietal cells
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what does the HCL in the stomach do?
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kill bacteria
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what is the purpose of mucus in the stomach?
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buffer against acid, reduces friction
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what cells in the stomach produce pepsinogen?
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chief cells
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why is pepsinogen secreted as an inactive enzyme?
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to protect body cells
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how is pepsinogen activated?
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removal of small peptide fragment from the pepsinogen
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what are the sections of the small intestine?
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-duodenum
-jejunum -ileum |
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where does most digestion and absorption take place in the small intestine?
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duodenum
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what is the purpose of the villi of the intestines
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increase surface area for absorption
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how do villi change from the duodenum to the ileum?
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duodenum: large
ileum: short and narrow |
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what part of the small intestine do you see peyer's patches in?
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ileum
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what is the function of peyers patches
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trapping foreign microbes like bacteria
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what are teh parts of the colon
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-ascending colon
-transverse colon -descending colon -sigmoid colon |
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in the colon, mucosa are __ epithelium
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simple columnar
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in the colon, there are no __, no__, and almost no __
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circular folds, villi, enzyme secreting cells
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in the colon, the mucosa is __, crypts are __, and contain many __
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thicker, deeper, goblet cells
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what are the functions of the large intestine?
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-water recovery
-propulsion -movement -defecation |
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where are the three types of salivary glands located?
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oral cavity
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what are the three kinds of salivary glands?
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-parotid
-submandibular -sublingual |
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functions of the liver
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-secretes bile
-provides electrolytes -digests alcohol -secretes billiruben -breaks down fats |
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what do pancreatic proteases do?
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digests proteins
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cells that remove debris such as bacteria and worn out blood cells from blood as it flows past
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kupffer cells
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a cat has __ lobes of the liver
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6
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a human has __ lobes of the liver
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4
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why is the location of the pancreas in the cat ideal?
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because it dumps right into the duodenum
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the __ folds over out abdominal organs and holds everything together
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greater omentum
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clear connective tissue, holds intestines together (white on cadaver)
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mesentery
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what is the function of the gallbladder?
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storage of bile
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does the cat have an appendix?
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no
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enzyme that digests starch
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amylase
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enzyme that digest proteins
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trypsin
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__ is an enzyme that digests lipids
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lipase
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what test used benedicts solution?
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amylase assay
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if the protein digestion test turns dark yellow it indicates a __
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positive protein hydrolysis test
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lipase works best in conjunction with __
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bile salts
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a protein that acts as a biological catalyst to speed up a reaction
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enzyme
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catalyzes hydrolysis reactions
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hydrolase
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when a proteins hydrogen bonds break due to temp or pH changes causing the protein to unfold and lose their specific 3D shape
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denaturation
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substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself becoming changed or part of the product
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catalyst
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stomach enzyme responsible for protein breakdown
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pepsin
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emulsifies fats, fatty acids, monoglycerides
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bile salts
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digests simple sugars and amino acids
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brush boarder enzymes
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what are the end products for fat breakdown?
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triglycerides and fatty acids
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what are the end products of protein breakdown?
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amino acids
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what are the end products of carbohydrate breakdown?
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monosacchrides
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approximatly how long does food stay in the large intestine?
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12 hours
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what is the function of bacteria found in the large intestine?
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produce vitamins and produce O2
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why are bacteria not absorbed through the walls of the intestines?
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villi cells are to tight for bacteria to fit through
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why does the liver store glycogen?
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to store glucose
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__ of cardiac output passes through the kidneys each minute
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1/4
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total volume being filtered through teh kidneys about __ times a day
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60
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__ mL of filtrate is formed each day
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180
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the majority of of the filtrate is __
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reabsorbed
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urine is __% water
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95
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why is urinalysis part of a routine phsyical exam?
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to check vital organs for proper functions
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what structures do you primarily see in the renal cortex
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glomerulus
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what structures do you see in the renal medulla?
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tubules
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what type of cells make up the renal tubules?
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simple cubital cells
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the bladder is made up of __ epithelium
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transitional
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how does the kidney aid in pH regulation?
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excretes H+
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as ventilation increases, PO2 __ as does H+ and pH __
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decreases, increases
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what is the function of the interstitial cells of teh testies?
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produce androgens (testosterone)
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how many chromosomes are in the human genome?
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23
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uterus shedding of all but the deepest part of its endothelium
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menes
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day 1-5, uterus sheds
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menstruation
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day 6-14, endometrium rebuild
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proliferative
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days 15-28, endometrium preps for implantation of embryo
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secretory
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promotes ovarian follicle production
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FSH
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aids in maturation of cells in ovary, ovulation
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LH
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stimulates LH release resulting breast size, uterine cycle
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progesterone
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stimulates FSH and LH release, reproductive organ growth
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estrogen
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how many oocytes are presnet at puberty in a female? how many of these will be ovulated in her lifetime?
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-400,000, 400
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where does fertilization of teh egg occur?
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fallopian tube
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comination of genes from egg and sperm
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fertilization
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cushioning sac made of wastes from baby
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amniotic fluid
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what is the role of the placenta?
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transfering nutrients from teh mother to the child
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how long does it take for the fertilized egg to reach the uterus
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4 days
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what is the name of the uterine lining where the blastula implants?
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endometrium
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what hormone must be produced by the growing fetal tissues to signal the mothers body to maintain the pregancy?
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HcG
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what structure on teh ovary is critical to maintain the pregnancy?
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corpus luteum
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what hormone does the corpus luteum produce?
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progestrone
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basic unit of heredity; codes for teh production of a single protein; a section of a chromosome
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gene
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alternate for of teh same gene
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allele
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an allel of a genen that is expresseed no matter what the other allele is
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dominant allele
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an allele of a gene that is only expressed if both alleles are the same
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recessive allele
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the actual genes/alleles an individual contains for a specific trait
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genotype
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the observable physical traits an individual has as a result of his/her genotype
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phenotype
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having a genotype in which both alleles for a specific gene are the same
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homozygous
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haing a genotype in which both alleles for a specific gene are different
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heterozygous
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the breeding of individuals in which only one trait is examined in both the ofspring and the parents
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monohybrid cross
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