Anatomy & Physiology, Third Edition: Chapter 1

Front 1

Anatomy

Back 1

Study of the structure of body parts

Front 2

Physiology

Back 2

Study of the function of body parts

Front 3

Reference Subject

Back 3

A hypothetical patient used to standardize anatomical and physiological values

Front 4

Characteristics of the Reference Male

Back 4

Age: 20-24
Height 68.5 in
Weight 154 lb
Total Body Fat Mass: 23.1 lb (15%)
- Storage Fat Mass: 18.5 lb (12%)
- Essential Fat Mass: 4.6 lb (3%)
Total Muscle Mass 69 lb (44.8%);
Total Bone Mass - 23 lb (14.9%);
Other Mass - 38.9 lb (25.3%)

Front 5

Characteristics of the Reference Female

Back 5

Age: 20-24
Height 64.5 in
Weight 125 lb
Total Fat Mass: 33.8 lb (27%)
- Storage Fat Mass: 18.5 lb (15%)
- Essential Fat Mass: 15 lb (12%)
Total Muscle Mass: 45 lb (36%)
Total Bone Mass: 15 lb (12%)
Other Mass 31.2 lb (25%)

Front 6

Gross/Macroscopic Anatomy

Back 6

Study of body structures large enough to be visible to the naked eye

Front 7

Regional Anatomy

Back 7

Study of all structures in a particular region of the body

Front 8

Surface Anatomy

Back 8

Study of internal structures in relation to overlying skin surface

Front 9

Microscopic Anatomy

Back 9

Study of body structures too small to be visible to the naked eye

Front 10

Cytology

Back 10

The study of cells

Front 11

Histology

Back 11

The study of tissues

Front 12

Developmental Anatomy

Back 12

The study of structural changes that occur throughout the lifespan

Front 13

Embryology

Back 13

The study of structural changes that occur before birth

Front 14

Pathological Anatomy

Back 14

The study of structural changes resulting from disease

Front 15

Radiographic Anatomy

Back 15

Study of internal structures as visualized by specialized scanning procedures

Front 16

Palpation

Back 16

Feeling organs through the external surface using hands

Front 17

Auscultation

Back 17

Listening to organ sounds, normally using a stethoscope

Front 18

Principle of Complementarity of Structure and Function

Back 18

The function of a particular structure depends on said structure's form.

Front 19

Levels of Structural Organization important to Anatomy and Physiology

Back 19

Atomic
Molecular
Chemical
Organelle
Cellular
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organism

Front 20

Tissue

Back 20

Groups of similar cells working to perform a common function

Front 21

Organ

Back 21

Two or more tissues that perform a specific function

Front 22

Organ System

Back 22

Two or more organs that accomplish a common purpose

Front 23

Organism

Back 23

The sum total of structural levels beneath working to promote life.

Front 24

Necessary Life Functions (7)

Back 24

Maintaining Boundaries
Movement
Responsiveness
Digestion
Metabolism
Excretion
Reproduction
Growth

Front 25

Survival Needs (5)

Back 25

Nutrients
Oxygen
Water
Normal Body Temperature
Normal Atmospheric Pressure

Front 26

Homeostasis

Back 26

A dynamic state of balance in which conditions vary within a relatively narrow limit

Front 27

Organ Systems in the Body (11)

Back 27

Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
Reproductive
Integumentary

Front 28

Components of a Homeostatic Mechanism

Back 28

Stimulus -> Receptor, -> Afferent Pathway -> Control Center -> Efferent Pathway -> Effector -> Response

Front 29

Negative Feedback Mechanism

Back 29

A homeostatic mechanism in which the response reduces or eliminates the stimulus.

Front 30

Positive Feedback Mechanism

Back 30

A homeostatic mechanism in which the response enhances the stimulus.

Front 31

Organ Systems that act as Afferent Pathways in the Body (2)

Back 31

Nervous System
Endocrine System

Front 32

Anatomical Position

Back 32

Standard reference position for anatomical study

- Body is fully erect
- Feet are slightly apart
- Palms face forward; thumbs point away from the body

Front 33

Directional Terms

Back 33

Anatomical terms used to describe the location of a particular structure

Front 34

Superior/Cranial

Back 34

Toward the head

Front 35

Inferior/Caudal

Back 35

Away from the head

Front 36

Ventral/Anterior

Back 36

Toward the front of the body

Front 37

Dorsal/Posterior

Back 37

Toward the back of the body

Front 38

Medial

Back 38

Toward the centerline of the body

Front 39

Lateral

Back 39

Away from the centerline of the body

Front 40

Intermediate

Back 40

Between a more medial and a more lateral structure or region of the body

Front 41

Proximal

Back 41

Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the trunk

Front 42

Distal

Back 42

Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Front 43

Superficial/External

Back 43

Toward the surface of the body

Front 44

Deep/Internal

Back 44

Away from the surface of the body

Front 45

Sagittal Plane

Back 45

Vertical plane that divides the body into left and right parts

Front 46

Frontal Plane

Back 46

Plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

Front 47

Transverse/Horizontal Plane; Cross Section

Back 47

Plane that divides the body into superior and inferior parts

Front 48

Oblique Section

Back 48

Plane that is made which does not fit into the normal category.